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Spring Green

Spring Green

Spring Green is a village located in Sauk County, Wisconsin. As of the 2000 census, the village had a total population of 1,444. The village is located within the Town of Spring Green. Some local attractions:
- Taliesin, the summer home and school of the architect Frank Lloyd Wright
- American Players Theater which stages a major outdoor Shakespeare festival each summer
- The House on the Rock tourist museum

Geography

House on the RockSpring Green is located at 43°10'38" North, 90°4'2" West (43.177268, -90.067277). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.4 km² (1.3 mi²). None of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 1,444 people, 585 households, and 372 families residing in the village. The population density is 422.4/km² (1,097.6/mi²). There are 624 housing units at an average density of 182.5/km² (474.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the village is 99.24% White, 0.14% Black or African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.07% from other races, and 0.28% from two or more races. 0.14% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 585 households out of which 32.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.0% are married couples living together, 6.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% are non-families. 31.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.38 and the average family size is 2.99. In the village the population is spread out with 25.5% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 18.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 83.0 males. The median income for a household in the village is $45,000, and the median income for a family is $51,806. Males have a median income of $36,597 versus $26,296 for females. The per capita income for the village is $21,462. 6.1% of the population and 3.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 5.4% of those under the age of 18 and 15.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

External links

- [http://www.vi.springgreen.wi.gov/ Village of Spring Green] Category:Villages in Wisconsin Category:Sauk County, Wisconsin

Sauk County, Wisconsin

Image:Map of Wisconsin highlighting Sauk County.png

Sauk County is a county located in the state of Wisconsin. As of 2000, the population is 55,225. Its county seat and largest city is Baraboo ⁶. The United States Census Bureau's Baraboo Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Sauk County.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2,197 km² (848 mi²). 2,169 km² (838 mi²) of it is land and 28 km² (11 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.27% water.

Demographics

As of the census ² of 2000, there are 55,225 people, 21,644 households, and 14,869 families residing in the county. The population density is 25/km² (66/mi²). There are 24,297 housing units at an average density of 11/km² (29/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 97.37% White, 0.26% Black or African American, 0.87% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.59% from other races, and 0.64% from two or more races. 1.70% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 21,644 households out of which 32.60% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.80% are married couples living together, 8.10% have a female householder with no husband present, and 31.30% are non-families. 25.20% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.60% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.51 and the average family size is 3.03. In the county, the population is spread out with 26.00% under the age of 18, 7.40% from 18 to 24, 29.30% from 25 to 44, 22.80% from 45 to 64, and 14.50% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 97.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 95.20 males.

Cities and towns

- Baraboo (town)
- Baraboo
- Bear Creek
- Dellona
- Delton
- Excelsior
- Fairfield
- Franklin
- Freedom
- Greenfield
- Honey Creek
- Ironton (town)
- Ironton
- La Valle (town)
- La Valle
- Lake Delton
- Lime Ridge
- Loganville
- Merrimac (town)
- Merrimac
- North Freedom
- Plain
- Prairie du Sac (town)
- Prairie du Sac
- Reedsburg (town)
- Reedsburg
- Rock Springs
- Sauk City
- Spring Green (town)
- Spring Green
- Sumpter
- Troy
- Washington
- West Baraboo
- Westfield
- Winfield
- Wisconsin Dells (partial)
- Woodland

External links

- [http://www.co.sauk.wi.us/ Sauk County's Official Government Web Site]

Resources

[http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.WILocalHists Local Histories of Dane, Portage, Wood, and Sauk Counties] : Six foundation volumes that document and present the early history of Dane, Sauk, Wood, and Portage Counties. Titles include: Durrie, Daniel S. (Daniel Steele), 1819-1892 A History of Madison, the Capital of Wisconsin; Including the Four Lake Country (1874), A Standard History of Sauk County, Wisconsin: Volume I (1918), A Standard History of Sauk County, Wisconsin: Volume II (1918), Jones, George O. History of Wood County, Wisconsin (1923), Madison, Dane County and Surrounding Towns; Being a History and Guide to Places of Scenic Beauty and Historical Note ...(1877), and Rosholt, Malcolm Leviatt, 1907- Our County, our Story; Portage County, Wisconsin (1959). Category:Wisconsin counties
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Spring Green (town), Wisconsin

Spring Green is a town located in Sauk County, Wisconsin. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 1,585. The Village of Spring Green is located within the town.

Geography

Village of Spring GreenAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 119.7 km² (46.2 mi²). 115.0 km² (44.4 mi²) of it is land and 4.7 km² (1.8 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 3.96% water.

Demographics

As of the census ² of 2000, there are 1,585 people, 602 households, and 447 families residing in the town. The population density is 13.8/km² (35.7/mi²). There are 661 housing units at an average density of 5.7/km² (14.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 98.68% White, 0.13% Black or African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.06% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.13% from other races, and 0.82% from two or more races. 1.07% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 602 households out of which 36.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.1% are married couples living together, 6.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 25.7% are non-families. 19.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 6.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.60 and the average family size is 3.02. In the town the population is spread out with 27.1% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 99.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 99.0 males. The median income for a household in the town is $49,028, and the median income for a family is $55,714. Males have a median income of $37,356 versus $23,125 for females. The per capita income for the town is $20,619. 5.2% of the population and 3.1% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 5.5% of those under the age of 18 and 12.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

External links

- [http://www.springgreen.com/ Spring Green Area Chamber of Commerce] Category:Sauk County, Wisconsin Category:Towns in Wisconsin

Frank Lloyd Wright

Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was one of the most prominent architects of the first half of the 20th century. To this day he is easily America's most famous architect (topping Philip Johnson, Paul Laszlo, Richard Neutra, and Louis Kahn) and still extremely well-known in the public eye.

Early years

Frank Lloyd Wright was born in the agricultural town of Richland Center, Wisconsin, USA, on June 8, 1867, just two years after the end of the American Civil War. He was brought up with strong Unitarian and transcendental principles (eventually, in 1905, he would design the Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois). As a child he spent a great deal of time playing with the kindergarten educational blocks by Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel (popularly known as Froebel blocks) given by his mother. These consisted of various geometrically shaped blocks that could be assembled in various combinations to form three-dimensional compositions. Wright in his autobiography talks about the influence of these exercises on his approach to design. Many of his buildings are notable for the geometrical clarity they exhibit. Wright commenced his formal education in 1885 at the University of Wisconsin School for Engineering, where he was a member of a fraternity, Phi Delta Theta. He took classes part time for two years while apprenticing under Allen Conover, a local builder and professor of civil engineering. In 1887, Wright left the university without taking a degree (although he was granted an honorary doctorate of fine arts from the university in 1955) and moved to Chicago, Illinois, where he joined the architectural firm of Joseph Lyman Silsbee. Within the year, he had left Silsbee to work for the firm of Adler and Sullivan. Beginning in 1890, he was assigned all residential design work for the firm. In 1893, after a falling-out that probably concerned the work he had taken on outside the office, Wright left Adler and Sullivan to establish his own practice and home in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, IL. He had completed around fifty projects by 1901, including many houses in his hometown.[http://www.wrightplus.org/wrightplus/wrightplus.html] 1901 Between 1900 and 1910, his residential designs were "Prairie Houses" (extended low buildings with shallow, sloping roofs, clean sky lines, suppressed chimneys, overhangs and terraces, using unfinished materials), so-called because the design is considered to complement the land around Chicago. These houses are credited with being the first examples of the "open plan." In fact, the manipulation of interior space in residential and public buildings, such as the Unitarian Unity Temple, in Oak Park, are hallmarks of his style. He believed that humanity should be central to all design. Many examples of this work can be found in Buffalo, New York, resulting from a friendship between Wright and an executive from the Larkin Soap Company, Darwin D. Martin. In 1902 the Larkin Company decided to build a new administration building . Wright came to Buffalo and designed not only the first sketches for the Larkin Administration Building (completed in 1904, demolished in 1950), but also three homes for the company's executives:
- George Barton House, Buffalo NY, 1903
- Darwin D. Martin House, Buffalo NY, 1904
- William Heath House, Buffalo NY, 1905 The houses considered the masterpieces of the late Prairie period (1907–9) are the Frederick Robie House and the Avery and Queene Coonley House, both in Chicago. The Robie House with its soaring, cantilevered roof lines, supported by a 110-foot-long channel of steel, is the most dramatic. Its living and dining areas form virtually one uninterrupted space. This building had a profound influence on young European architects after World War I and is sometimes called the "cornerstone of modernism." Wright's work, however, was not known to European architects until after 1910.

Europe and personal troubles

In 1904, Wright designed a house for a neighbor in Oak Park, Edwin Cheney, and immediately took a liking to Cheney's wife, Mamah Borthwick Cheney. The two fell in love, even though Wright had been married for over a decade. Often the two could be seen taking rides in Wright's automobile through Oak Park, and they became the talk of the town. Wright's wife, Kitty, would not grant him a divorce however, and at first, neither would Edwin Cheney grant one to Mamah. In 1909, even before the Robie House was actually completed, Wright and Mamah Cheney eloped to Europe. The scandal that erupted virtually destroyed Wright's ability to practice architecture in the United States. Architectural historians have speculated on why Wright decided to turn his life upside-down. It has been said that he enjoyed living on the edge. Offered as proof of this are the facts that he was always digging himself into problems. He spent money almost as soon as he received it, and almost always seemed to be in debt. This argument has been coupled with speculation that Wright was himself having a professional midlife crisis (in 1907 he was already forty years old). Scholars argue that he felt by 1907-8 that he had done everything he could do with the Prairie Style, particularly from the standpoint of the one-family house. To illustrate, one can ask the question, "How many different permutations of the Prairie Style residence can you do without eventually feeling like you are going nowhere?" Wright was not getting larger commissions for commercial or public buildings, which frustrated him not only because of the desire for bigger and better work, but also because of his immense ego and desire to be recognized as the architectural genius he saw himself as. Wright and Mamah Cheney traveled extensively throughout Europe, where Wright absorbed a great amount of architectural history. In 1910, during a stop in Berlin, Wright, with virtually all of his drawings, visited the publishing house of Ernst Wasmuth, who had agreed to publish his work there. In two volumes, the Wasmuth Portfolio was thus published, and created the first major exposure of Wright's work in Europe. Wright remained in Europe for two years, though Mamah Cheney left for the United States a few times, and set up home in Fiezole, Italy. During this time, Edwin Cheney granted her a divorce, though Kitty Wright again refused to grant one to her husband. After Wright's return to the United States in 1911, he moved to Spring Green, Wisconsin, to land that was held by his mother's family, and began to build himself a new home, which he called Taliesin, the name of Welsh mythological figure which means "shining brow".

Taliesin and beyond

He designed his own home-studio complex, called Taliesin (after the 6th-century Welsh poet, whose name means literally "shining brow"), which was begun near Spring Green, Wisconsin, in 1911 and modified and expanded many times over. The complex was a distinctive, low one-story, U-shaped structure with views over a pond on one side and Wright's studio on the opposite side. Taliesin was twice destroyed by fire (one of which was part of an arson and intentional multiple homicide); the current building there is called Taliesin III. The first time it burned, an apparently disgruntled domestic worker set fire to the building while various people were inside, including Wright's mistress, Mamah Borthwick, and her two young children (by her husband Edwin Cheney). As the occupants of the burning building attempted to flee, the arsonist stood by the single unblocked doorway and murdered a total of seven people with a hatchet. He visited Japan, first in 1905, and Europe (1909–10), opening a Tokyo office in 1916. 1916 In 1938 Wright designed his winter retreat in Arizona, called Taliesin West; the retreat, like much of Wright's architecture, blends organically with the surrounding landscape. In Tokyo, Wright designed his famous Imperial Hotel, completed in 1922 after beginning construction in 1916. On September 1, 1923, one of the worst earthquakes in modern times hit Tokyo and its surrounding area. The Great Kantō earthquake completely leveled Tokyo, and effects from the earthquake caused a large tsunami, destructive tornados, and fires in the city. A legend grew out of this disaster that Wright's Imperial Hotel was the only large structure to survive the destruction, but in fact this was far from true.

More personal turmoil

In 1923, Wright's mother, Anna, passed away. Wright wed Miriam Noel in November 1923, but her addiction to morphine led to the failure of the marriage in less than one year. In 1924, after the separation, Wright met Olga (Olgivanna) Lazovich Hinzenburg, at the Petrograd Ballet. They moved in together at Taliesin in 1925, but in 1926, Olga's ex-husband sought custody of his daughter. In Minnetonka, Minnesota, Wright and Olgivanna were accused of violating the Mann Act and arrested in October 1925. The charges were dropped in 1926. The couple married in 1928.

Enduring legacy

Wright is responsible for a concept or a series of extremely original concepts of suburban development united under the term Broadacre City. He proposed the idea in his book The Disappearing City in 1932, and unveiled a very large (12 by 12 feet) model of this community of the future, showing it in several venues in the following years. He went on developing the idea until his death. It was also in the 1930s that Wright first designed "Usonian" houses&mdash. Essentially highly practical houses for middle-class clients, the designs were based on a simple, yet elegant geometry. He would later use similar, elementary forms in his First Unitarian Meeting House built in Madison, Wisconsin, between 1947 and 1950. 1950 His most famous private residence was constructed from 1935 to 1939—Fallingwater—for Mr. and Mrs. E.J. Kaufmann, Sr at Mill Run, Pennsylvania. It was designed according to Wright's desire to place the occupants close to the natural surroundings, with a stream and waterfall running under part of the building. The construction is a series of cantilevered balconies and terraces, using limestone for all verticals and concrete for the horizontals. The house cost $155,000, including the architect's fee of $8,000. Kaufmann's own engineers argued that the design was not sound. They were overruled by Wright, but workmen secretly added extra steel to the horizontal concrete elements. There is a difference of opinion as to whether Wright's original design would have withstood the test of time. In 1994, Robert Silman and Associates examined the building and developed a plan to restore the structure. In the late 1990s, steel supports were added under the lowest cantilever until a detailed structural analysis could be done. In March 2002, post-tensioning of the lowest terrace was completed. post-tensioning Wright practiced what is known as organic architecture, an architecture that evolves naturally out of the context, most importantly for him the relationship between the site and the building and the needs of the client. One of his projects, Monona Terrace, originally designed in 1937 as City and County Offices for Madison, Wisconsin, was completed in 1997 on the original site, using a variation of Wright's final design for the exterior with the interior design altered by its new purpose as a convention center. The "as-built" design was carried out by Wright's apprentice Tony Puttnam. Monona Terrace was accompanied by controversy throughout the sixty-years between the original design and the completion of the structure. Wright's personal life was a colorful one that frequently made headlines. He married three times: Catherine Lee Tobin in 1889, Miriam Noel in 1922, and Olga Milanov Hinzenberg (Olgivanna) in 1928. Olgivanna had been living as a disciple of Armenian mystic G. I. Gurdjieff, and her experiences with Gurdjieff influenced the formation and structure of Wright's Taliesin Fellowship in 1932. The meeting of Gurdjieff and Wright is explored in Robert Lepage's The Geometry Of Miracles. Olgivanna continued to run the Fellowship after Wright's death, until her own death in Scottsdale, Arizona in 1985. Despite being a high-profile architect and almost always in demand, Wright would find himself constantly in debt thanks in part to his lavish lifestyle. In one instance Wright was over $1,000 in debt, and reportedly would borrow $1,500 from a friend only to spend more than half of it on clothes, gifts, and trips. Scottsdale, Arizona, New York]] Wright died on April 9, 1959, having designed an enormous number of significant projects including the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City, a building which occupied him for 16 years (1943–59) and is probably his most recognized masterpiece. The building rises as a warm beige spiral from its site on Fifth Avenue; its interior is similar to the inside of a seashell. Its unique central geometry was meant to allow visitors to experience Guggenheim's collection of nonobjective geometric paintings with ease by taking an elevator to the top level and then viewing artworks by walking down the slowly descending, central spiral ramp. Unfortunately, when the museum was completed, a number of important details of Wright's design were ignored, including his desire for the interior to be painted off-white. Furthermore, the Museum currently designs exhibits to be viewed by walking up the curved walkway rather than walking down from the top level. Guggenheim Wright built 362 houses. About 300 survive as of 2005. Only three have been lost to forces of nature, the waterfront house for W. L. Fuller in Pass Christian, MS, which was destroyed by Hurricane Camille in August 1969, the Louis Sullivan Bungalow of Ocean Springs, Mississippi Destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the James Charnley Bungalow of Ocean Springs, Mississippi which was also gutted by Hurricane Katrina in 2005; although, the Ennis House in California had been damaged by earthquake and rain-induced ground movement. While a number of the houses are preserved as museum pieces and millions of dollars are spent on their upkeep, other houses have trouble selling on the open market due to their unique designs, generally small size and outdated features. As buildings age their structural deficiencies are increasingly revealed, and Wright's designs have not been immune from the passage of time. Some of his most daring and innovative designs have required major structural repair, and the soaring cantilevered terraces of Fallingwater are but one example. (A common joke was once how "Fallingwater" is falling into the water.) Some of these deficiencies can be attributed to Wright's pushing of materials beyond the state of the art, others to sometimes less than rigorous engineering, and still others to the natural wear and tear of the elements over time. Many speculate that the character of Howard Roark, an architect in Ayn Rand's book The Fountainhead, is based, at least in part, on Frank Lloyd Wright. Rand, a Wright client herself, however, denied this. In 1992 The Madison Opera in Madison, Wisconsin commissioned and premiered the opera Shining Brow, by composer Daron Hagen and librettist Paul Muldoon based on events early in Wright's life. The work has since received numerous revivals. In 2000, Work Song: Three Views of Frank Lloyd Wright, a play based on the relationship between the personal and working aspects of Wright's life, debuted at the Milwaukee Repertory Theater. One of Wright's sons, Frank Lloyd Wright Jr., known as Lloyd Wright, was also a notable architect in Los Angeles. Lloyd Wright's son, (and Wright's grandson) Eric Lloyd Wright, is currently an architect in Malibu, California.

Quotations

“A doctor can bury mistakes, an architect can only advise their client to plant vines.” “I don't need to sign in, I'm the architect.” – in response to a patron at Unity Temple asking him to add his name to the entry record. “Continuously nature shows him the science of her remarkable economy of structure in mineral and vegetable constructions to go with the unspoiled character everywhere apparent in her forms.” “Give me the luxuries of life and I will gladly do without the necessities.” “Form follows function – that has been misunderstood. Form and function should be one, joined in a spiritual union.” "That's how you can tell it's a roof." -- in response to complaints about roof leaks in his buildings

Works

Malibu, California campus]]

1880's

- Hillside Home School I, Spring Green, Wisconsin, 1887
- Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio, Oak Park, Illinois, 1889

1890's

1900's

1910's

- New York City Exhibition for the Universal Portland Cement Company, New York, New York, 1910
- Jessie R. Ziegler Residence, Frankfort, Kentucky, 1910
- O. B. Balch Residence, Oak Park, Illinois, 1911
- Herbert Angster Residence, Lake Bluff, Illinois, 1911
- Sherman M. Booth Cottage, Glencoe, Illinois, 1911
- Banff National Park Pavilion, Banff, Alberta, 1911
- Lake Geneva Hotel, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, 1911
- Taliesin I, Spring Green, Wisconsin, 1911
- Francis W. Little Residence II, Deephaven, Minnesota, 1912
- Avery Coonley Playhouse, Riverside, Illinois, 1912
- Observation Platform for Island Woolen Mills, Baraboo, Wisconsin, 1912
- William B. Greene Residence, Aurora, Illinois, 1912
- Harry S. Adams Residence, Oak Park, Illinois, 1913
- Midway Gardens, Chicago, Illinois, 1913
- Mori Oriental Art Studio, Chicago, Illinois, 1914
- Woman’s Building at Inter-County Fairgrounds, Spring Green, Wisconsin, 1914
- Taliesin II, Spring Green, Wisconsin, 1914
- A.D. German Warehouse, Richland Center, Wisconsin, 1915
- Edmund F. Brigham Residence, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915
- Ravine Bluffs Development, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915
- Ravine Bluffs Development Sculptures, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915
- Ravine Bluffs Development Bridge, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915
- Sherman M. Booth Residence, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915 in Ravine Bluffs Development
- Charles R. Perry Residence, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915 in Ravine Bluffs Development
- Hollis R. Root Residence, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915 in Ravine Bluffs Development
- William F. Kier Residence, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915 in Ravine Bluffs Development
- William F. Ross Residence, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915 in Ravine Bluffs Development
- Lute F. and Daniel Kissam Residence, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915 in Ravine Bluffs Development
- Emil Bach Residence, Chicago, Illinois, 1915
- Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, Japan, 1915 demolished, 1968, lobby and pool reconstructed in 1976 in at Meiji Mura, near Nagoya, Japan
- Arthur L. Richards Small House, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1915, American System-Built Home
- Arthur L. Richards Small House, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1915, American System-Built Home
- Richards Bungalow, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1915, American System-Built Home
- Lewis E. Burleigh Residence, Wilmette, Illinois, 1915, American System-Built Home
- Ida and Grace McElwain Residence, Lake Bluff, Illinois, 1915, American System-Built Home
- Frederick C. Bogk, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1916
- Ernest Vosburgh Summer Residence, Grand Beach, Michigan, 1916
- Joseph J. Bagley Summer Residence, Grand Beach, Michigan, 1916
- W.S. Carr Summer Residence, Grand Beach, Michigan, 1916
- Henry J. Allen Residence, Wichita, Kansas, 1916
- Arthur R. Munkwitz Duplex Apartments, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1916, American System-Built Home
- Arthur L. Richards Duplex Apartments, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1916, American
- Stephen M. B. Hunt Residence II, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, 1917, American System-Built Home
- Guy C. Smith, Chicago, Illinois, 1917, American System-Built Home
- H. H. Hyde Residence, Chicago, Illinois, The House on the Rock is a complex of architecturally unique rooms, streets, gardens and shops built mostly by Alex Jordan, Jr. The "house" itself was begun in the 1940s atop a column of rock that stands in a field in Spring Green, Wisconsin, and additions were made to the structure for several decades afterward. The complex now features "The Streets of Yesterday", a recreation of a turn-of-the-century American town; "The Heritage of the Sea", featuring nautical exhibits and a larger-than-life model of a fight between a blue whale and a giant squid; "The Music of Yesterday", a huge collection of automatic music machines; and the world's largest working carousel, among other attractions. During the winter, the attraction features a Christmas theme, with decorations and a large collection of Santa figures. The earlier structures, namely the House on the Rock itself, the Gate House, and the Mill House, are reminiscent of the work of Frank Lloyd Wright, though much less coherently designed than is characteristic of Wright, given its patchwork of external structures and interior spaces. The building actually began partly in spite of the master architect, who ran his Taliesin communal school near Spring Green: Alex Jordan, Sr., father of the younger Jordan, was a failed one-time student of Wright. The senior Jordan began the House on the Rock prior to the 1940s, but passed the project on to his son, who expanded on the original idea extensively and first marketed it as a roadside attraction. These early structures feature exposed stone, low ceilings, dark woodwork, and antiques on display. Jordan sold the house in 1988 to a friend who continued building onto the site, adding to the collections of knick-knacks and exhibits featuring authentic pieces, reproductions, and especially-made examples of everything. The most recent addition is the "Spirit of Aviation", a collection of large model airplane designs in a themed room. Another exhibit, the "Transportation Building", is currently under construction (and has been for many years), but visitors can walk through and see the work in progress. In addition to the attraction, there is a themed House on the Rock Inn located a few miles south in the town of Dodgeville, Wisconsin, and a House on the Rock Resort, where visitors can play golf. The House on the Rock appears in the novel American Gods, by Neil Gaiman. Category:Buildings and structures in Wisconsin Category:Roadside attractions Category:Folly buildings

External links

- [http://www.thehouseontherock.com/ The House on the Rock], official website
- [http://www.pbase.com/ysic/the_house_on_the_rock Photos], many photos from the House
- [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/07/08/earlyshow/series/main628274.shtml Recent CBS article (with video)]
- [http://www.rereviewed.com/roguesemiotics/?p=116 Review from Rogue Semiotics]

United States Census Bureau

The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census) is a part of the United States Department of Commerce. Its mission is defined in the Constitution of the United States, which directs that the population be enumerated at least once every ten years (through the U.S. Census), and each state's number of Representatives in Congress determined accordingly. It also is in charge of collecting statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureau's establishment is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code. United States CodeSince 1903, the official census-taking organ of the United States government has been the Bureau of the Census. The Bureau is headed by a Director, assisted by a Deputy Director and an Executive Staff composed of the associate directors. The Bureau has 12 regional offices (Atlanta, Dallas, Los Angeles, Boston, Denver, New York, Charlotte, Detroit, Philadelphia, Chicago, Kansas City, and Seattle) with additional processing centers set up temporarily for the decennial censuses. The sole purpose of the censuses and surveys is to secure general statistical information. Replies are obtained from individuals and establishments only to enable the compilation of such general statistics. The confidentiality of these replies is very important. By law, no one — neither the census takers nor any other Census Bureau employee — is permitted to reveal identifiable information about any person, household, or business. The bureau recognizes four census regions within the United States, and further organizes them into nine divisions. These regions are groupings of states that subdivide the United States for the presentation of data. They should not be construed as bound together by any geographical, historical, or cultural concerns. The regions are as follows:region
- Region 1 (Northeast) :
- Division 1 (New England) :
- Division 2 (Middle Atlantic)
- Region 2 (Midwest) :
- Division 3 (East North Central) :
- Division 4 (West North Central)
- Region 3 (South) :
- Division 5 (South Atlantic) :
- Division 6 (East South Central) :
- Division 7 (West South Central)
- Region 4 (West) :
- Division 8 (Mountain) :
- Division 9 (Pacific) The Census Bureau headquarters is located at 4700 Silver Hill Road, Suitland Maryland.

Reference and external links

- The original version of this article was adapted from [http://www.census.gov/acsd/www/history.html U.S. Census Bureau] text.
- [http://www.census.gov/ United States Census Bureau website]
- [http://www.census.gov/geo/www/garm.html Geographic Areas Reference Manual] from the U.S. Census Bureau contains detailed explanations of geographic terms used in the census. Census Bureau Category:National statistical services Census Bureau Census Bureau ja:アメリカ合衆国統計局

Square mile

:This article is about the unit of measure. The Square Mile is a traditional name for the City of London in the United Kingdom. A square mile is the area equal to a square with sides each 1 mile long. It is not an SI unit. The SI unit of area is the square metre.

Symbol

There is no universally agreed symbol but the following are used:
- square mile
- sq mile
- sq mi
- sq m (this can be confused with square metre)
- mile²
- mi²

Conversions

1 square mile is equivalent to:
- 27 878 400 square feet
- 640 acres
- 2 589 988.11 square metres
- 2.589 988 11 square kilometres In the Public Land Survey System of the US and the Dominion Land Survey of Canada, the size of a standard section of land is one square mile.

2000

This article is about the year 2000. For other uses of 2000, see 2000 (number) or 2000 (breakdancing move). 2000 (MM) is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Popular culture also holds the year 2000 as the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd millennium. By strict interpretation of the Gregorian Calendar, however, this distinction falls to the year 2001. This is due to the fact that the first century began with the year 1, and there does not exist a year zero. The first century (or first 100 years AD) was from January 1, in the year one (1 AD) through December 31, in the year one-hundred (100 AD). The second century began on January 1, in the year one-hundred and one (101 AD). The year 2000 is also marked as:
- The International Year for a Culture of Peace.
- The World Mathematical Year. See also Wikipedia's almanac of events for this year.

Events

January

- January 1 - Millennium celebrations take place throughout the world. Y2K passes without the serious, widespread computer failures and malfunctions that had been predicted.
- January 5-January 8 - The 2000 al-Qaida Summit
- January 6 - The last remaining Pyrenean Ibex is found dead.
- January 10 - America On-line announces an agreement to buy Time Warner for $162 billion. This is the largest-ever corporate merger.
- January 11 - the armed wing of Islamic Salvation Front concludes its negotiations with the government for an amnesty and disbands in Algeria.
- January 11 - The trawler Solway Harvester sinks off the Isle of Man.
- January 14 - A United Nations tribunal sentences five Bosnian Croats up to 25 years for the 1993 killing of over 100 Bosnian Muslims in a Bosnian village.
- January 16 - In Sacramento, California a commercial truck carrying evaporated milk is driven into the state capitol building killing the driver.
- January 24 - God's Army, Karen militia group led by twins Johnny and Luther Htoo, take 700 hostages at a Thai hospital near the Burmese border.
- January 30 - St. Louis Rams 23 defeat the Tennessee Titans 16 to win the Super_Bowl_XXXIV
- January 30 - Off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya Airways Flight 431 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean, killing 169. Within a day, Alaska Airlines Flight 261 crashes off the California coast into the Pacific Ocean, killing 88.
- January 31 - Dr. Harold Shipman in sentenced to life in prison for murder of at least 15 of his patients out of 365 suspected victims.

February

- February 4 - German extortionist Klaus-Peter Sabotta is jailed for life for attempted murder and extortion in connection with sabotage of German railway lines.
- February 6 - Tarja Halonen is elected the first Finnish female president.
- February 13 - Final original Peanuts comic strip is published.
- February 14 - The spacecraft NEAR Shoemaker entered orbit around asteroid 433 Eros, the first spacecraft to orbit an asteroid.

March

- March 1 - The Constitution of Finland is rewritten.
- March 2 - Hans Blix assumes the position of Executive Chairman of UNMOVIC.
- March 8 - Tokyo train disaster.
- March 9 - FBI arrests suspected purveyor of art forgeries, Ely Sakhai, in New York City.
- March 10 - The NASDAQ Composite Index reaches an all-time high of 5048. ([http://dynamic.nasdaq.com/dynamic/IndexChart.asp?symbol=IXIC&desc=NASDAQ+Composite&sec=nasdaq&site=nasdaq&months=84])
- March 18 - 2000 Taiwanese presidential election: Chen Shui-bian is elected President of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
- March 20 - Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin, a former Black Panther, is captured after gun battle that left a sheriff's deputy dead.
- March 21 - Pope John Paul II began the first office visit by a Roman Catholic pontiff to Israel.
- March 21 - US Supreme Court ruled the goverment lacked authority to regulate tobacco as an addictive drug, throwing out the Clinton administration's main anti-smoking initiative.
- March 26 - Presidential elections in Russia: Vladimir Putin elected President.
- March 30 - America's Cup 2000 retained by Team New Zealand near Auckland. Prada Challenge 2000 lost 0-5 in a "best-of-9".

April

April.]]
- April 1 - Japanese prime minister Keizo Obuchi suffers a stroke and falls into a coma.
- April 3 - United States v. Microsoft: Microsoft is ruled to have violated United States antitrust laws by keeping "an oppressive thumb" on its competitors.
- April 5 - Yoshiro Mori replaces Obuchi as prime minister of Japan.
- April 7 - Attack submarine ex-Trepang completes being recycled.
- April 16 - Tuanku Syed Putra ibni Almarhum Syed Hassan Jamalullail, Raja of Perlis dies after a reign of 55 years. He was the longest reigning monarch in the world since the death of Prince Franz Joseph II of Liechtenstein.
- April 17 - Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin becomes Raja of Perlis.
- April 22 - In a predawn raid, federal agents seize six-year old Elián González from his relatives' home in Miami, Florida and fly him to his Cuban father in Washington, DC ending one of the most publicized custody battles in US history.
- April 25 - The State of Vermont passes HB847, legalizing Civil Unions for same-sex couples.

May

- May 3 - A rare conjunction occurs on the New Moon including all seven of the traditional celestial bodies known from ancient times up until 1781 with the discovery of Uranus. The May 2000 conjunction consisted of: the Sun and Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.
- May 3 - Computer pioneer Datapoint Corporation files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
- May 12 - The Tate Modern opens in London.
- May 13 - In Enschede a heavy fireworks explosion kills 20 and leaves an entire neighborhood in ruins.
- May 18 - Boo.com collapses due to lack of funds after six months.
- May 25 - Israel withdraws IDF troops from southern Lebanon after 22 years.
- May 28 - The volcano Mount Cameroon erupts.

June

- June 1 - Mark Mendlan, professional wrestler known by his ring name "Kid Gorgeous," is killed while wrestling at a show in New Hampshire.
- June 7 - U.S. District Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson of the 4th circuit ordered the breakup of Microsoft Corp.
- June 10 - The New Jersey Devils defeat the Dallas Stars 4 games to 2 to win the 2000 Stanley Cup Finals.
- June 10 - The 2000 European Football Championship begins, hosted jointly by Belgium and the Netherlands.
- June 21 - Section 28, a law preventing the promotion of homosexuality is repealed by the Scottish Parliament.
- June 23 - Palace Backpackers Hostel fire in Childers, Queensland, Australia, kills 15 people.
- June 30 - During a set of the band Pearl Jam at the Roskilde Festival near Copenhagen, 9 die and 26 are injured in the crowd.

July

July
- July 2 - France beat Italy 2-1 to win the 2000 European Football Championship with a golden goal.
- July 2 - Presidential election of Mexico. Vicente Fox wins the Presidency as candidate of the rightist PAN (National Action Party).
- July 10 - In southern Nigeria, a leaking petroleum pipeline explodes killing about 250 villagers who were scavenging gasoline
- July 10 - Death of Denis O Conor Donn, died 10th July 2000, aged 88; succeded by his son, Desmond as The O Connor Donn
- July 18 - Alex Salmond resigns as the leader of the Scottish National Party
- July 25 - A Concorde carrying Air France Flight 4590 crashes just after takeoff from Paris killing all 109 aboard and 5 on the ground.

August

- August 1 - The Santa Cruz Operation announced that it will sell its Server Software and Services Divisions, as well as UnixWare and OpenServer technologies, to Caldera Systems,Inc.
- August 8 - Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley is raised to the surface after 136 years on the ocean floor.
- August 12 - The Russian submarine Kursk sinks in the Barents Sea, resulting in the deaths of all 118 men on board.
- August 14 - The first comic of Megatokyo goes online. This webcomic will later become one of the most popular comics on the web (in terms of page views) and spawn numerous imitators.
- August 25 - the Emulex hoax - wire services publish fraudulent bad news about Emulex
- August 27 - The Ostankino Tower in Moscow catches fire, three people are killed.

September

- September 5 - Tuvalu joins the United Nations.
- September 6 - In New York City, the United Nations Millennium Summit begins with more than 180 world leaders present.
- September 6 - The last wholly Swedish-owned arms manufacturer, Bofors, is sold to American arms manufacturer United Defense
- September 7–14 - The UK fuel protests take place, with refineries blockaded, and supply to the country's network of petrol stations halted.
- September 8 - Albania officially joins the World Trade Organization.
- September 15 - The 2000 Summer Olympics are opened in Sydney, Australia.
- September 16 - Ukrainian journalist Georgiy Gongadze is last seen alive; this day is taken as the commemoration date of his death.
- September 24 - The American Family Association begins lobbying the U.S. Congress to eradicate the National Endowment for the Arts for funding the controversial book One of the Guys by Robert Clark Young
- September 26 - Anti-globalization protests in Prague (some 15,000 protesters) turned violent during the IMF and World Bank summits.
- September 28 - Ariel Sharon leads several hundred armed Israelis in a visit to the Temple Mount. Palestinian civil disorder increases into the Al-Aqsa Intifada.
- September 29 - The Long Kesh prison in Northern Ireland is closed.

October

- October 2 NBC Today Show expanded it to three hours (7:00–10:00 A.M. Eastern Time/Pacific Time; 6:00–9:00 A.M. Central Time/Mountain Time)
- October 5 - President Slobodan Milošević leaves office after widespread demonstrations throughout Serbia and the withdrawal of Russian support.
- October 11 - 250 million gallons of coal sludge spill in Martin County, Kentucky. Considered a greater environmental disaster than the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
- October 12 - In Aden, Yemen, the USS Cole is badly damaged by two suicide bombers who placed a small boat laden with explosives along-side the United States Navy destroyer, killing 17 crew members and wounding at least 39.
- October 21 15 Arab leaders convened in Cairo, Egypt, for their first summit in four years; the Libyan delegation walked out, angry over signs the summit would stop short of calling for breaking ties with Israel.
- October 22 – Mainichi Shinbun exposes Japanese archeologist Shinichi Fujimura as a fraud; Japanese archaeologists had based their treatises of his findings.
- October 26 - Pakistani authorities announce that their police have found an apparently ancient mummy of a persian princess in the province of Baluchistan. Iran, Pakistan and the Taliban all claim the mummy until Pakistan announces it is a forgery in April 17 2001
- October 31 - Singapore Airlines Flight 006 collides with construction equipment in the Chiang Kai Shek International Airport - 83 dead.
- October 31 - The last Jeremy clone has shut down.

November

November
- November - Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq rejects new U.N. Security Council weapons inspections proposals
- November 1 - Yugoslavia's new democratic government joined the United Nations after eight years of U.N. ostracism under former strongman Slobodan Milosevic.
- November 3 - Widespread flooding throughout England and Wales after days of heavy rain
- November 4 - President Clinton vetoed a bill that would have criminalized the leaking of government secrets.
- November 7 - U.S. presidential election, 2000: Republican challenger George W. Bush defeats Democrat Vice President Al Gore, but the final outcome is not known for over a month because of disputed votes in Florida.
- November 7 - Criminal gang raids the Millennium Dome to steal The Millennium Star diamond but police surveillance catches them in the act
- November 7 - Hillary Rodham Clinton is elected to the United States Senate, becoming the first First Lady of the United States to win public office
- November 11 - Kaprun disaster, Austria, where 155 skiers and snowboarders die when a cable car catches fire in an alpine tunnel.
- November 13 - Richard C. Duncan presents his paper, "The Peak Of World Oil Production And The Road To The Olduvai Gorge", on the Olduvai theory (about the collapse of the industrial civilization), at the Summit 2000 Pardee Keynote Symposia of the Geological Society of America)
- November 14 - Netscape version 6.0 is launched following two years of open source development creating a stable Mozilla web browser upon which it is based
- November 16 - Bill Clinton becomes the first sitting US President to visit Vietnam
- November 17 - Catastrophical landslide in Log pod Mangartom,Slovenia, kills 7, and causes millions of SIT of damage. It is one of the worst catastrophies in Slovenia in the past 100 years.
- November 17 - Alberto Fujimori is removed from office as president of Peru
- November 27 - Canada - Parliamentary elections - Jean Chrétien re-elected as Prime Minister as Liberal Party increases majority in House of Commons
- November 28 - Ukrainian politician Oleksander Moroz touches off the Cassette Scandal by publicly accusing President Leonid Kuchma of involvement in the murder of journalist Georgiy Gongadze.

December

- December 1 - Mexico -