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Håkon V

Håkon V

Haakon V Magnusson (1270 - May 8, 1319) was king of Norway from 1299 until 1319. He was married to Eufemia of Rügen, and father to Ingeborg Håkonsdotter who married duke Eric Magnusson of Sweden. He is considered to be the last Norwegian king in the Fairhair dynasty. He was the younger surviving son of Magnus the Lawgiver, King of Norway, and his wife Ingeborg of Denmark. He succeeded when his older brother king Eric died heirless. Through his mother (who was daughter of Jutta of Saxony, herself a descendant of Ulvhild of Norway, duchess of Saxony), Haakon descended from king St Olav, Olav II of Norway. During his reign he revived his brother's war policy against Denmark but 1309 he finally concluded a peace that in general was the end of Danish-Norwegian wars. In domestic matters he energetically and successfully tried to limit the power of the magnates and to strengthen the king's power. Haakon was succeeded by his infant grandson, the Swedish prince Magnus. : : Haakon 5 Category:Fairhair dynasty ja:ホーコン5世 (ノルウェー王)

1270

For broader historical context, see 1270s and 13th century.

Events

13th century

Europe


- December - Crucial aspects of the philosophy of Averroism (itself based on Aristotle's works) are banned by the Catholic church in a condemnation enacted by papal authority at the University of Paris.
- The Summa Theologiae, a work by Thomas Aquinas that is considered within the Roman Catholic Church to be the paramount expression of its theology, is completed (year uncertain).
- Witelo translates Alhazen's 200-year-old treatise on optics, Kitab al-Manazir, from Arabic into Latin, bringing the work to European academic circles for the first time.
- The Sanskrit fables known as the Panchatantra, dating from as early as 200 BCE, are translated into Latin from a Hebrew version by John of Capua.
- Construction of the Old New Synagogue in Prague is completed.
- The cathedral on the Rock of Cashel in Ireland is completed.

Asia


- In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion begins against the Goryeo Dynasty, a puppet government of the Mongol Empire.
- The ancient city of Ashkelon is captured from the crusader states and utterly destroyed by the Mamluk sultan Baibars, who goes so far as to fill in its important harbor, leaving the site desolate and the city never to be rebuilt.
- The city of Tabriz, in present-day Iran, is made capital of the Mongol Ilkhanate empire (approximate date).
- The independent state of Kutch is founded in present-day India.
- A census of the Chinese city of Hangzhou establishes that some 186,330 families reside within it, not including visitors and soldiers. (Historian Jacques Gernet argues that this means a population of over 1 million inhabitants, making Hangzhou the most populous city in the world.)

Africa

The Eighth Crusade


- Before August - King Louis IX of France launches the Eighth Crusade in an attempt to recapture the crusader states from the Mamluk sultan Baibars; the opening engagement is a siege of Tunis.
- August 25 - King Louis IX of France dies while besieging the city of Tunis, possibly due to poor quality drinking water.
- October 30 - The siege of Tunis and the Eighth Crusade end by an agreement between Charles I of Sicily (Louis IX's brother) and the sultan of Tunis.

Other events in Africa


- Yekuno Amlak overthrows the Ethiopian Zagwe dynasty, claims the throne and establishes the Solomonid dynasty (approximate date).

Births


- March 12 - Charles of Valois, son of Philip III of France (died 1325)
- Jacob ben Asher, Spanish rabbi and religious writer
- Theodore Metochites, Byzantine statesman and author
- Michael of Cesena, Franciscan theologian (died 1342)
- Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk (died 1306)
- Marsilius of Padua, Italian scholar (died 1342)
- Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (died 1324)
- Cino da Pistoia, Italian poet (died 1336)
- Ma Zhiyuan, Chinese poet

Deaths


- February 23 - Saint Isabel of France, daughter of Louis VIII of France (born 1225)
- July 14 - Boniface of Savoy Archbishop of Canterbury
- August 25 - King Louis IX of France
- August 25 - Alphonso of Brienne
- December 4 - Theobald V of Champagne, King of Navarre
- Philip of Montfort, Lord of Castres
- Béla IV of Hungary (born 1206)
- Mansa Wali Keita, second mansa of the Mali Empire
- Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk (born 1212)
- Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre
- David VII Ulu, King of Georgia (born 1215)
- Isaac ben Moses of Vienna, Jewish rabbi and scholar (born 1200) Category:1270 ko:1270년

1319

Events


- Magnus VII ascends the throne of Norway and unites the country with Sweden.

Births


- April 16 - King John II of France (died 1364)
- King Peter IV of Aragon (died 1387)
- Joanna of Dreux, Countess of Penthievre (died 1384)
- Murad I, Ottoman Sultan (died 1389)
- William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton, English military leader (died 1360)

Deaths


- May 19 - Louis d'Évreux, son of Philip III of France (b. 1276)
- Duccio, Italian painter (born 1255) Category:1319 ko:1319년

1299

Events


- Osman I declares the independence of the Ottoman Principality
- The County of Holland is annexed by the County of Hainaut
- April 1, 1299 Kings Towne on the River Hull granted city status by Royal Charter of King Edward I of England.
- The Mexica settle Chapultepec, a former Toltec stronghold.

Births


- Alfonso IV of Aragon (died 1366)
- Pierre Bertrand de Colombier, French cardinal and diplomatist
- Ranulf Higdon, English chronicler (approximate date; died c. 1363)

Deaths


- Ertugrul, father of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire
- John I, Count of Holland (born 1284)
- Nogai Khan, ruler of the Golden Horde
- Eirik II of Norway (born c. 1268) Category:1299 ko:1299년

1319

Events


- Magnus VII ascends the throne of Norway and unites the country with Sweden.

Births


- April 16 - King John II of France (died 1364)
- King Peter IV of Aragon (died 1387)
- Joanna of Dreux, Countess of Penthievre (died 1384)
- Murad I, Ottoman Sultan (died 1389)
- William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton, English military leader (died 1360)

Deaths


- May 19 - Louis d'Évreux, son of Philip III of France (b. 1276)
- Duccio, Italian painter (born 1255) Category:1319 ko:1319년

Eric Magnusson of Sweden

Eric Magnusson was the son of Magnus Ladulås and queen Helvig. He was born ca 1282 and became the duke of Södermanland and a part of Uppland in 1302. He was betrothed to Ingeborg Håkonsdotter, the one-year-old daughter of king Håkon V of Norway. Erik was more skilled and intelligent than his elder brother Birger Magnusson. He was also bold and ambitious, and his social skills won him many allies. His younger brother Valdemar Magnusson, the duke of Finland, became his close ally and helped him in all his projects. King Birger, who feared his brothers' plans, forced them to sign a paper, in 1304, so as to render them less dangerous. They then fled to Norway, but in 1305, they reconciled with the king and regained their dukedoms. Eric was also in possession of Kungahälla, which he had been given during his exile by the Norwegian king, and northern Halland which he had been given by the Danish king Eric VI of Denmark. Duke Eric planned to topple Birger's marshal Torgils Knutsson who was in the way of his ambitious plans. As the clergy were in opposition to the marshal, they joined Eric. They prevailed on the weak Birger to execute Torgils, who was a faithful counsellor in 1306. Little more than half a year later, Birger was imprisoned by his brothers (september 1306), and his brothers took control of Sweden. 1306 Birger's brother-in-law, the Danish king Eric VI of Denmark arrived with his army to support Birger. The Norwegian king Håkon, however, was on the side of the usurpers. In 1308, Eric and Valdemar were forced by the Danish king to liberate Birger, but they did so under humiliating conditions. When Birger was free, he sought aid in Denmark, and the strife began anew. The course of events turned against Eric. By concluding a peace treaty with the Danish king, unbeknownst to the Norwegian king Håkon, Eric lost Håkon's trust. Håkon wanted to have Kungahälla back, but Eric refused. A war broke out between the Norwegian king and Eric in 1309, and the kings of Norway and Denmark concluded peace, and allied against the dukes. Through his strategic skills, Eric managed to ride out the storm, and defeated the Norwegians, and also the Danes who arrived as far as Nyköping in 1309. He attacked Norway and reconquered Kungahälla, which he had lost to Håkon, in 1310. Finally, there was peace at Helsingborg, in which Sweden was divided between Birger and his brothers. Eric received Västergötland, Dalsland, Värmland and Kalmar County, as well was northern Halland as a fief from Denmark, but he promised to return Kungahälla to Norway. In spite of the fact that Eric never returned Kungahälla, and broke almost all his promises to Håkon, he managed to win his approval. In 1312, he married Håkon's 11 year old daughter Ingeborg Håkonsdotter, who, in 1316 gave him a son, the future king Magnus II of Sweden. Eric seemed close to reaching his goals: he was now in possession of realm consisting of parts of all the three Scandinavian kingdoms, he had a son who was the heir apparent of the kingdom of Norway, and he was the de facto ruler of Sweden. However, his carreer was stopped and his life was shortened by the treachery of his brother king Birger, the de jure ruler of Sweden. During a call on his brother in Nyköping, he and his brother Valdemar were arrested and chained, the night between the 10th and 11th of December 1317. No one knows for certain what happened to the two brothers. They either starved to death or were slain, in the early summer of 1318. In all of Scandinavia, their deaths caused great dismay and sorrow, which caused people to forgive them their misdeeds, and only to remember their qualities. However, Eric's ambitions had caused great troubles for Sweden, and the time of civil war between the brothers were one of the grimmest eras in Swedish history. Eric's life was portrayed in a positive light in Eric's Chronicle, by one of his supporters.

Category:Norwegian monarchs

See List of Norwegian monarchs for a chronological list. Monarchs Monarchs Category:Government of Norway Monarchs Category:Monarchs Category:Heads of state by country ja:Category:ノルウェーの君主 nb:Kategori:Norske monarker

Изабрани чланак за 25. април

Димитрије Нешић (1836-1904) математичар, професор Велике школе, председник Српске краљевске академије Димитрије Нешић је рођен 8. октобра 1836. године у Београду. Био је најстарије дете Стојана Нешића, занатлије, и Савке, домаћице. После завршене шесторазредне гимназије, 1854. уписује студије на Лицеју. Студије наставља од 1855. на Великој техничкој школи у Бечу и ту остаје до 1858. Затим је од 1858. до 1862. студирао у Карлсруеу на Политехници. Указом кнеза Михаила Обреновића постављен је 1. новембра 1862. за суплента на катедри за математику, која је тада била упражњена одласком Емилијана Јосимовића за професора у Артиљеријској школи. Законом од 24. септембра 1863. Лицеј је прерастао у Велику школу. Димитрије Нешић је био професор на Великој школи од њеног оснивања до одласка у пензију 20. јануара 1894. ...даље...

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