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Ilhéu Das Rolas

Ilhéu das Rolas

Ilhéu das Rolas is a small island within São Tomé and Príncipe, in Africa. The island lies on the equator. It is in the Caué District of São Tomé Province.

External Links

- [http://www.navetur-equatour.st/Pestana_Equador_Island_Resort.htm Island resort website] São Tomé Province

São Tomé and Príncipe

The Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe (pron. IPA //) is a tiny two-island nation in the Gulf of Guinea. The islands, São Tomé Island and Príncipe Island, are situated about 140 km apart and about 250 and 225 km, respectively, off of the northwestern coast of Gabon. Both islands are part of an extinct volcanic mountain range. São Tomé, the sizable southern island, is situated almost exactly on the equator. It is named after Saint Thomas Day, the day of its discovery by Portuguese explorers.

History

Main article: History of São Tomé and Príncipe The islands were first discovered by Portuguese navigators between 1469 and 1472. The first successful settlement of São Tomé was established in 1493 by Alvaro Caminha, who received the land as a grant from the Portuguese crown. Príncipe was settled in 1500 under a similar arrangement. By the mid-1500s, with the help of slave labor, the Portuguese settlers had turned the islands into Africa's foremost exporter of sugar. São Tomé and Príncipe were taken over and administered by the Portuguese crown in 1522 and 1573, respectively. Sugar cultivation declined over the next 100 years, and by the mid-1600s, São Tomé was little more than a port of call for bunkering ships. In the early 1800s, two new cash crops, coffee and cocoa, were introduced. The rich volcanic soils proved well suited to the new cash crop industry, and soon extensive plantations (roças), owned by Portuguese companies or absentee landlords, occupied almost all of the good farmland. By 1908, São Tomé had become the world's largest producer of cocoa, still the country's most important crop. The roças system, which gave the plantation managers a high degree of authority, led to abuses against the African farm workers. Although Portugal officially abolished slavery in 1876, the practice of forced paid labor continued. In the early 1900s, an internationally publicized controversy arose over charges that Angolan contract workers were being subjected to forced labor and unsatisfactory working conditions. Sporadic labor unrest and dissatisfaction continued well into the 20th century, culminating in an outbreak of riots in 1953 in which several hundred African laborers were killed in a clash with their Portuguese rulers. This "Batepá Massacre" remains a major event in the colonial history of the islands, and the government officially observes its anniversary. By the late 1950s, when other emerging nations across the African Continent were demanding independence, a small group of São Toméans had formed the Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (MLSTP), which eventually established its base in nearby Gabon. Picking up momentum in the 1960s, events moved quickly after the overthrow of the Salazar and Caetano dictatorship in Portugal in April 1974. The new Portuguese regime was committed to the dissolution of its overseas colonies; in November 1974, their representatives met with the MLSTP in Algiers and worked out an agreement for the transfer of sovereignty. After a period of transitional government, São Tomé and Príncipe achieved independence on July 12, 1975, choosing as its first President the MLSTP Secretary General, Manuel Pinto da Costa. In 1990, São Tomé became one of the first African countries to embrace democratic reform, and changes to the constitution—the legalization of opposition political parties—led to elections in 1991 that were nonviolent, free, and transparent. Miguel Trovoada, a former Prime Minister who had been in exile since 1986, returned as an independent candidate and was elected President. Trovoada was re-elected in São Tomé's second multiparty presidential election in 1996. The Democratic Convergence Party (PCD) toppled the MLSTP to take a majority of seats in the National Assembly, with the MLSTP becoming an important and vocal minority party. Municipal elections followed in late 1992, in which the MLSTP came back to win a majority of seats on five of seven regional councils. In early legislative elections in October 1994, the MLSTP won a plurality of seats in the Assembly. It regained an outright majority of seats in the November 1998 elections. Presidential elections were held in July 2001. The candidate backed by the Independent Democratic Action Party, Fradique de Menezes, was elected in the first round and inaugurated on September 3. Parliamentary elections held in March 2002 led to a coalition government after no party gained a majority of seats. On July 16, 2003, Maj. Fernando "Cobo" Pereira took over the government in a military coup, backed by the Christian Democratic Front (mostly representative of former São Toméan volunteers from the apartheid-era Republic of South African Army). Prime Minister Maria das Neves and other ministers were detained by Pereira's forces. It is believed that the coup was, in part, a response to the administration's dealings with various oil corporations. After a week of internationally mediated negotiations, Pereira's junta signed an accord with the former leaders and stepped down, and de Menezes and das Neves resumed power. Prime Minister das Neves was dismissed from her post on 15 September 2004. Damião Vaz d'Almeida formed a new government, which was sworn in on 18 September 2004.

Politics

Main article: Politics of São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé has functioned under a multiparty system since 1990. The president of the republic is elected to a 5-year term by direct universal suffrage and a secret ballot, and must gain an outright majority to be elected. The president may hold up to two consecutive terms. The prime minister is named by the president, and the fourteen members of cabinet are chosen by the prime minister. The National Assembly, the supreme organ of the state and the highest legislative body, is made up of 55 members, who are elected for a 4-year term and meet semiannually. Justice is administered at the highest level by the Supreme Court. The judiciary is independent under the current constitution. São Tomé enjoys a good level of human rights, including freedom of expression and the press, and freedom to form opposition political parties.

Provinces

National Assembly Main article: Provinces of São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe is divided into 2 provinces: Príncipe, São Tomé. note: Príncipe has had self-government since April 29, 1995

Geography

1995 Main article: Geography of São Tomé and Príncipe The islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, situated in the equatorial Atlantic about 300 and 250 kilometers (200 mi. and 150 mi.), respectively, off the northwest coast of Gabon, constitute Africa's smallest country. Both are part of an extinct volcanic mountain range, which also includes the islands of Annobon to the southwest and Bioko to the northeast, both part of Equatorial Guinea, and Mount Cameroon on the African west coast. São Tomé is 50 kilometers (31 mi.) long and 32 kilometers (20 mi.) wide and the more mountainous of the two islands. Its peaks reach 2,024 meters (6,640 ft.). Príncipe is about 30 kilometers (19 mi.) long and 6 kilometers (4 mi.) wide. Swift streams radiating down the mountains through lush forest and cropland to the sea cross both islands. At sea level, the climate is tropical—hot and humid with average yearly temperatures of about 27 °C (80 °F) and little daily variation. At the interior's higher altitudes, the average yearly temperature is 20°C (68°F), and nights are generally cool. Annual rainfall varies from 5 m (200 in) on the southwestern slopes to 1 m (40 in) in the northern lowlands. The rainy season runs from October to May.
- The island of São Tomé is 32 by 48 kilometers (20 by 30 miles) in size and the more mountainous of the two islands. The capital, also named São Tomé, lies on this island.
- The island of Príncipe is 6 by 16 kilometers (4 by 10 miles) in size. The equator lies immediately south of São Tomé Island, passing through or near the islet named Ilhéu das Rolas.

Economy

Main article: Economy of São Tomé and Príncipe Since the 1800s, the economy of São Tomé and Príncipe has been based on plantation agriculture. At the time of independence, Portuguese-owned plantations occupied 90% of the cultivated area. After independence, control of these plantations passed to various state-owned agricultural enterprises, which have since been privatized. The dominant crop on São Tomé is cocoa, representing about 95% of exports. Other export crops include copra, palm kernels, and coffee. Domestic food-crop production is inadequate to meet local consumption, so the country imports some of its food. Efforts have been made by the government in recent years to expand food production, and several projects have been undertaken, largely financed by foreign donors. Other than agriculture, the main economic activities are fishing and a small industrial sector engaged in processing local agricultural products and producing a few basic consumer goods. The scenic islands have potential for tourism, and the government is attempting to improve its rudimentary tourist industry infrastructure. The government sector accounts for about 11% of employment. Following independence, the country had a centrally directed economy with most means of production owned and controlled by the state. The original constitution guaranteed a “mixed economy,” with privately owned cooperatives combined with publicly owned property and means of production. In the 1980s and 1990s, the economy of São Tomé encountered major difficulties. Economic growth stagnated, and cocoa exports dropped in both value and volume, creating large balance-of-payments deficits. Efforts to redistribute plantation land resulted in decreased cocoa production. At the same time, the international price of cocoa slumped. In response to its economic downturn, the government undertook a series of far-reaching economic reforms. In 1987, the government implemented an International Monetary Fund (IMF) structural adjustment program, and invited greater private participation in management of the parastatals, as well as in the agricultural, commercial, banking, and tourism sectors. The focus of economic reform since the early 1990s has been widespread privatization, especially of the state-run agricultural and industrial sectors. The São Toméan Government has traditionally obtained foreign assistance from various donors, including the UN Development Programme, the World Bank, the European Union (EU), Portugal, Taiwan, and the African Development Bank. In April 2000, the IMF approved a poverty reduction and growth facility for São Tomé aimed at reducing inflation to 3% for 2001, raising ideal growth to 4%, and reducing the fiscal deficit. In late 2000, São Tomé qualified for significant debt reduction under the IMF-World Bank’s heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) initiative. The reduction is currently being reevaluated by the IMF, due to the attempted coup d’etat in July 2003 and subsequent emergency spending. Following the truce, the IMF decided to send a mission to São Tomé to evaluate the macroeconomic state of the country. This evaluation is ongoing, reportedly pending oil legislation to determine how the government will manage incoming oil revenues. In 2001, São Tomé and Nigeria reached agreement on joint exploration for petroleum in waters claimed by the two countries. After a lengthy series of negotiations, in April 2003 the joint development zone (JDZ) was opened for bids by international oil firms. The JDZ was divided into 9 blocks; the winning bids for block one, ChevronTexaco, ExxonMobil, and the Norwegian firm Equity Energy, were announced in April 2004, with São Tomé to take in 40% of the $123 million bid, and Nigeria the other 60%. Bids on other blocks were still under consideration in October 2004. São Tomé stands to gain significant revenue both from the bidding process and from follow-on production, should reserves in the area match expectations. Portugal remains one of São Tomé's major trading partners, particularly as a source of imports. Food, manufactured articles, machinery, and transportation equipment are imported primarily from the EU.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of São Tomé and Príncipe Of São Tomé and Príncipe's total population, about 137,500 live on São Tomé and 6,000 on Príncipe. All are descended from various ethnic groups that have migrated to the islands since 1485. Six groups are identifiable:
- Mestiços, or mixed-blood, descendants of African slaves brought to the islands during the early years of settlement from Benin, Gabon, and Congo (these people also are known as filhos da terra or "sons of the land");
- Angolares, reputedly descendants of Angolan slaves who survived a 1540 shipwreck and now earn their livelihood fishing;
- Forros, descendants of freed slaves when slavery was abolished;
- Serviçais, contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde, living temporarily on the islands;
- Tongas, children of serviçais born on the islands; and
- Europeans, primarily Portuguese. In the 1970s, there were two significant population movements—the exodus of most of the 4,000 Portuguese residents and the influx of several hundred São Toméan refugees from Angola. The islanders have been absorbed largely into a common Luso-African culture. Almost all belong to the Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, or Seventh-day Adventist Churches, which in turn retain close ties with churches in Portugal. Although a small country, São Tomé and Príncipe has four national languages: Portuguese (spoken by 95%), Forro (85%), Angolar (3%) and Principense (0,1%). Portuguese is the official language; the remaining languages are Portuguese creoles.

Culture

Main article: Culture of São Tomé and Príncipe
- Music of São Tomé and Príncipe
- List of writers from São Tomé and Príncipe

Miscellaneous topics

- Communications in São Tomé and Príncipe
- Foreign relations of São Tomé and Príncipe
- Holidays in São Tomé and Príncipe
- Elections in São Tomé and Príncipe
- Foreign Ministers of São Tomé and Príncipe
- List of São Tomé and Príncipe companies
- Military of São Tomé and Príncipe
- Transportation in São Tomé and Príncipe

External Links

Government

- [http://www.presidencia.st/ Presidência da República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe] - President of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe (official site, Portuguese)
- [http://www.anstp.st/ Assembleia Nacional de São Tomé e Príncipe] - National Assembly of São Tomé and Príncipe (official site, Portuguese)
- [http://www.ine.st/ Instituto Nacional de Estatística] - National statistics institute (Portuguese)
- [http://saotome-principe.tripod.com/index.html São Tomé and Príncipe Government & Political Resources Page]

News

- [http://allafrica.com/saotomeandprincipe/ allAfrica - São Tomé and Príncipe]

Overviews

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064541.stm BBC News - Country Profile: Sao Tome and Principe]
- [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tp.html CIA World Factbook - Sao Tome and Principe]

Directories

- [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Sao_Tome_and_Principe/ Open Directory Project - Sao Tome and Principe] directory category
- [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/saotome.html Stanford University - Africa South of the Sahara: São Tomé and Príncipe] directory category
- [http://www.afrika.no/index/Countries/Sao_Tome_Principe/index.html The Index on Africa - Sao Tome-Principe] directory category
- [http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Sao_Tome.html University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center: São Tome and Príncipe] directory category
- [http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Sao_Tome_and_Principe/ Yahoo! - Sao Tome and Principe] directory category
Tourism

-
Environment

- [http://www.ggcg.st Gulf of Guinea Conservation Group]
Other

- Article on recent politics: [http://www.globeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20030716.wsaotome0716/BNStory/International/][http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,1280,-2913788,00.html]
- Category:African Union member states Category:Former Portuguese colonies Category:CPLP member states zh-min-nan:Sèng Tomé kap Príncipe ko:상투메 프린시페 ms:São Tomé dan Príncipe ja:サントメ・プリンシペ

Equator

The equator is an imaginary circle drawn around a planet (or other astronomical object) at a distance halfway between the poles. The equator divides the planet into a Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. The latitude of the equator is, by definition, 0°. The length of Earth's equator is about 40,075.0 km, or 24,901.5 miles. The equator is one of the five main circles of latitude based on the relationship of the Earth's rotation and plane of orbit around the sun. Additionally, the equator is the only line of latitude which is also a great circle The Sun, in its seasonal movement through the sky, passes directly over the equator twice each year on the Vernal and Autumnal Equinoxes, which occur in March and September (respectively). At the equator, the rays of the sun are perpendicular to the surface of the earth on these dates. Places near the equator experience the quickest rates of sunrise and sunset in the world, taking minutes. Such places also have a relatively constant amount of day/night time on every day throughout the year compared with more northerly or southerly places.

Equatorial climate

In many tropical regions people identify two seasons, wet and dry, but most places very close to the equator are wet throughout the year, although seasons can vary depending on a variety of factors including elevation and proximity to an ocean. ocean The surface of the Earth at the equator is mainly ocean. The highest point on the Equator is 4,690 m, at 77° 59' 31" W on the south slopes of Volcán Cayambe (summit 5,790 m) in Ecuador. This is a short distance above the snow line, and is the only point on the Equator where snow lies on the ground (Google Earth satellite data and photos).

Equatorial countries

The equator traverses the land and/or water of 13 countries in total:
- São Tomé and Príncipe - passing through Ilhéu das Rolas, an islet in this archipelago
- Gabon
- Republic of the Congo
- Democratic Republic of Congo
- Uganda
- Kenya
- Somalia
- Maldives - misses every island, passing between Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll and Gnaviyani Atoll
- Indonesia
- Sumatra - also small islands Tanah Masa to the West and Lingga to the East
- Borneo - Kalimantan
- Sulawesi
- Halmahera - also small islands Kayoa to the West and Gebe to the East
- Kawe, a small island near Waigeo - and other islets throughout Indonesia
- Kiribati - misses every island
- Gilbert Islands - passing between Aranuka and Nonouti Atolls
- Line Islands - passing between Kiritimati Island and Malden Island, though neither is very close to the equator
- Ecuador
- Galapagos Islands - passing through Isabela Island.
- Mainland Ecuador
- Colombia
- Brazil

Caué District

Caué is a district of São Tomé Province. Out of the seven districts that make up the equatorial Atlantic islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, it is one of the smallest in terms of population with approximately 5,900 residents, but is the largest in area covering approximately 267 square kilometers. The district capital is São João dos Angolares. Half of the population live in the community of Santa Cruz. Much of the municipality are forested and are unaccessible to automobiles. Much of the municipality are rainforests, farmlands are within the valley areas. The municipality includes the small islet of Rólas which lies directly on the equator. District Population History
- 1940 6,675 (11.0% of the national population)
- 1950 6,942 (11.6% of the national population)
- 1960 5,874 (9.1% of the national population)
- 1970 3,757 (5.1% of the national population)
- 1981 4,607 (4.8% of the national population)
- 1991 5,322 (4.5% of the national population)
- 2001 5,501 (4.0% of the national population)

Settlements

- Dona Augusta
- Mbombo
- Nzumbi
- Porto Alegre (pop: 334)
- Santa Cruz (pop: 2,045)
- São João dos Angolares

Transportation

The district are linked with the road encircling the island and links with the towns of Neves and Santana, much of its roads are very narrow and are non-asphalt or unpaved and are also rarely accessible and doesn't have many roads through the mountains.

Other

Caué has schools or collegiates (colegio), a lyceum (middle schools), churches, beaches, a small port and a few squares (praças). The municipality is one of the least developed in São Tomé and Príncipe.

External links

- Map and aerial photos:
- Street map: [http://www.mapquest.com/maps/map.adp?latlongtype=decimal&latitude=6.6&longitude=0.086677&zoom=6 Street map from Mapquest], [http://maps.msn.com/map.aspx?&lats1=6.6&lons1=0.08667&alts1=35 MapPoint] or [http://maps.google.com/maps?||=0.08667,6.6 Google]
- Satellite images: [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=0.08667,6.6&spn=0.11,0.18&t=k Google] - image not yet available
- Coordinates:

Caue

São Tomé Island

São Tomé Island, at 854 km², is the largest island of São Tomé and Príncipe and is home to about 133,600 or 96% of the nation's population. This island and smaller nearby islets make up São Tomé Province, which is divided into six districts. The main island is located 2 km North of the equator. It is about 48 km long (North-South) and 32 km wide (East-West). It rises to 2,024 metres at Pico de São Tomé and includes the capital city, São Tomé, on the Northeast coast. The nearest city on mainland Africa is the port city of Port Gentil in Gabon located 240 km East. Villages on the island include:
- Agua-Coco
- Bela Vista
- Blublu
- Bombom
- Bom Successo
- Dona Augusta
- Dona Eugenia
- Enlajes
- Formiga
- Graça
- Guadalupe
- Henrique
- Mbombo
- Monte Rosa
- Neves
- Neves Ferreira
- Nova Olinda
- N'Zumbi
- Ponta Figo
- Porto Alegre
- Preserverança
- Ribeira Afonso
- Santa Catarina
- Santa Clotilda
- Santa Cruz
- Santa Josefina
- Santana
- Santo António
- São João dos Angolares
- São José
- Trindade Its languages other than the main Portuguese are Forro and Angolar or Ngola which are creole. The higher slopes of the island are forested and form part of the Obo National Park, but agriculture is important near the north and east coasts. The chief exports are cocoa, coffee, copra, and palm products, while there is also a fishing industry. Large reserves of oil are in the ocean between Nigeria and São Tomé. The discovery has been lamented by some as endangering the nation's political stability and natural environment. In response to these concerns the government of São Tomé and Príncipe has drawn up legislation in an attempt to ensure the efficient and equitable use of oil revenues over time. Sao Tome Islands Sao Tome Island

Magnitúdó

A csillagászat területén egy csillagnak, bolygónak vagy más égitestnek a látszólagos fényességét (azt, hogy mennyi fény jut hozzánk az égitestről) a látszólagos magnitúdóval (m) jellemezzük. Százszor gyengébb fényintenzitásnak (ami olyan, mintha az égitestet tízszer távolabbról néznénk) 5 magnitudó növekedés felel meg; 2,512-szeresnek egy magnitudó (a 2,512 a 100 ötödik gyöke, 100^1/5). Tehát a nagyobb magnitudójú égitest halványabb! Természetesen a skálához szükség van alapontra, ezt alább részletezzük. Ettől megkülönbözetjük az abszolút magnitúdót (M). Csillagok és galaxisok esetén, azt mutatja meg, hogy 10 parsec távolságból milyen fényesnek látnám, bolygók és más Naprendszerbeli égitestek esetén pedig azt, hogy milyen fényesnek látnám, ha a Földtől és a Naptól is 1 csillagászati egység (CsE) távolságra lenne. A Nap abszolút magnitúdója +4.83 a V (sárga) sávban és +5.48 a B (kék) sávban. A látszólagos fényesség valójában a légkör vastagságától és állapotától is függ. A látszólagos magnitúdót úgy adják meg, mintha nem légkörön keresztül néznénk.

Definíció

Az m magnitúdó definíciója (az F sugárzási fluxus függvényében): m = -log2.51(F/F_Vega) A magnitúdórendszer standardjaként az északi félgömb Lant csillagképében elhelyezkedő Vega nevű csillagot használták, tehát F_Vega az adott idő alatt a Vegáról a Földre érkező fény mennyiségét jelenti. Ez a definíció azt jelenti, hogy a Vega magnitúdója definíció szerint minden szűrőn keresztül nulla. Újabb definíció: Kategória:Csillagászat ja:等級 (天文)

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Ilhéu das Rolas

External Links

São Tomé and Príncipe

History

Politics

Provinces

Geography

Economy

Demographics

Culture

Miscellaneous topics

External Links

Government

News

Overviews

Directories

Tourism

Environment

Other

Equator

Equatorial climate

Equatorial countries

See also

Caué District

Settlements

Transportation

Other

External links

São Tomé Island

Magnitúdó

Definíció

Ausbildung und Beruf