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Internazionale Milano

Internazionale Milano

Internazionale Milano Football Club is an Italian football club based in Milan, Lombardy, which plays in the Serie A (first division). It is more commonly known as Inter, and often named Inter Milan in foreign countries.

History

The club was founded on March 9, 1908 following a schism from the Milan Cricket and Football Club, now known as AC Milan. A group of Italians and Swiss were unhappy about the domination of Italians in the AC Milan team, and broke away from them, leading to the creation of Internazionale. From the beginning, the club was open to foreign players and thus lived up to her founding name. The original nickname of the team in the Milano dialect was La Beneamata, the cherished. A recent statistical report confirmed that Inter is the second most supported team in Italy, after Juventus, but ahead of Milan, Napoli, Roma, Torino, Fiorentina, Palermo and Lazio. The club won its very first championship in 1910 and its second in 1920. The Captain and the Coach of the first scudetto was Virgilio Fossati, born in Milan and brother of Giuseppe Fossati (who won the second Inter championship). Unfortunately Virgilio Fossati died during the First World War.

First World War

During the turbulent period between the First and Second World Wars, Internazionale was forced to change its name to Ambrosiana-Inter in order to accommodate the requests of Benito Mussolini's fascist regime. However, Inter was still used to winning ways and captured its third league championship in the new Italian first division in 1930. Following that, a fourth league title was won in 1938, Inter's first Coppa Italia (Italian Cup) was won in 1940 and a fifth league championship followed in 1940. From 1942 onwards, the name Ambrosiana-Inter was dropped in favour of the original Internazionale Milano.

La Grande Inter

Following the war, Inter won its sixth championship in 1953 and the seventh in 1954. Following these titles, Inter was to enter the best years of its history, affectionately known as the era of La Grande Inter (The Great Inter). During this magnificent period, the club won 3 league championships in 1963, 1965 & 1966. The most famous moments during this decade also include Inter's 2 back-to-back European Cup wins. In 1964, Inter won the first of those tournaments, playing against the famous Spanish club Real Madrid. The next season, playing in their own stadium, the San Siro, Inter won their second European Cup against Portuguese outfit Benfica. During that years many great players dressed the Neroazzuri shirt: Luis Suarez, Giacinto Facchetti, Sandro Mazzola, Angelo Domenghini, Mario Corso. The owner and president of the team was Angelo Moratti, father of the current owner. He offered enormous amounts of money to buy Eusebio and Pelé; both players accepted as the clubs where they played (Benfica and Santos), but in both occasions the military dictators that controlled in that year Portugal and Brasil refused the transfer of the 2 great players to Inter. In the 60's and in the 70's Inter lost 2 other finals of Champions Cup, the first against Celtic F.C. (1967: 2-1) and the second against the great Ajax Amsterdam of Cruijff and Neeskens (1972: 2-0) Following the golden 1960s, Inter managed to win their 11th league title in 1971 and their 12th in 1980. During the years of the 1970s & 1980s, Inter also added to its Coppa Italia tally the second and third cups in 1978 and 1982 respectively. Inter won their last league championship in 1989, bringing their total tally of scudetti to 13. They sit third in the all-time list of most wins of the league championship, behind Juventus (28) and A.C. Milan (17). Internazionale has also won the UEFA Cup on 3 occasions. The first was in the 1990-91 season in a two-legged match with AS Roma. In 1993-94, Inter did it again, this time against Austrian side Casino Salzburg. In a record third UEFA Cup victory, in the 1997-98 season, Inter beat SS Lazio in a one-match final played in the Parc des Princes, Paris. FC Internazionale holds a proud record of never having been relegated to the Serie B (second division) in its entire existence. The fans hold this in high regard as Inter are only one of two clubs (the other being Juventus) that have been ever-present in Serie A. Juventus were nominally relegated in 1911 and 1913 but remained at the first level in Piemonte Regional League in 1911, and in the Lombardia Regional League in the 1913; in addition, they didn't finish the championship in 1908. The current honorary president and owner of Internazionale is Massimo Moratti. His father, Angelo Moratti was the president of Inter during the golden era of the 1960s. Massimo, trying to emulate his father's great success, has spent a great deal of money to bring some of the world's best players to the club without having remarkable results.

San Siro

The stadium in which Inter plays is called Stadio Giuseppe Meazza, also known as San Siro (the stadium is in the "San Siro" district). It was previously simply known as San Siro, but a new name was adopted in 1980 after Giuseppe Meazza's death. Meazza was a famous player for FC Internazionale in the 1930s and also played for AC Milan for a brief period of time. As a player, he won two World Cups for Italy (in 1934 and 1938) and, alongside Giovanni Ferrari, remains one of only two Italian players to have ever won the FIFA World Cup on two occasions. As a result, he is revered amongst the Interisti (Inter fans) and was honored by having one of the most famous football stadiums in the world named after him. The stadium seats 85,700 and plays host to both FC Internazionale and AC Milan.

Current first team squad

As of October 2005

Famous players since 1908

Internazionale Presidents since 1908

- 1908 Giovanni Paramithiotti
- 1909 Ettore Strauss
- 1910 Carlo De Medici
- 1912 Emilio Hirzel
- 1914 Luigi Ansbacher
- 1914 Giuseppe Visconti Di Modrone
- 1919 Giorgio Hulss
- 1920 Francesco Mauro
- 1923 Enrico Olivetti
- 1926 Senatore Borletti
- 1929 Ernesto Torrusio
- 1930 Oreste Simonotti
- 1932 Ferdinando Pozzani
- 1942 Carlo Masseroni
- 1955 Angelo Moratti
- 1968 Ivanoe Fraizzoli
- 1984 Ernesto Pellegrini
- 1995 Massimo Moratti
- 2004 Giacinto Facchetti

Internazionale Managers since 1908

Team Honours

- Italian Championships: 13 #1909/10 Campelli, Fronte, Zoller, Yenni, V.Fossati, Stebler, Capra, C.Payer, E.Peterly, Aebi, Schuler. #1919/20 Campelli, Francesconi, Beltrami, Milesi, G.Fossati, Scheidler; Conti, Aebi, Agradi, L.Cevenini, Asti #1929/30 Degani, Gianfardoni, Allemandi, Rivolta, Viani, Castellazzi, Visentin, Serantoni, Meazza, Blasevich, Conti #1937/38 Peruchetti, Buonocore, Setti, Locatelli, Olmi, Antona, Frossi, N.Ferrara, Meazza, Ferrari, P.Ferraris #1939/40 Peruchetti, Poli, Setti, Locatelli, Olmi, Campatelli, Frossi, A.Demaria, Guarnieri, Candiani, P.Ferraris #1952/53 Ghezzi, Blason, Giacomazzi, Neri, Giovannini, Nesti, Armano, Mazza, Lorenzi, Skoglund, Nyers #1953/54 Ghezzi, Giacomazzi, Padulazzi, Neri, Giovannini, Nesti, Armano, Mazza, Lorenzi, Skoglund, Nyers #1962/63 Buffon, Burgnich, Facchetti, Zaglio, Guarneri, Picchi, Jair, S.Mazzola, Di Giacomo, Suarez, Corso #1964/65 Sarti, Burgnich, Facchetti, Tagnin, Guarneri, Picchi, Jair, S.Mazzola, Domenghini, Suarez, Corso #1965/66 Sarti, Burgnich, Facchetti, Bedin, Guarneri, Picchi, Jair, S.Mazzola, Domenghini, Suarez, Corso #1970/71 L.Vieri, Bellugi, Facchetti, Bedin, Giubertoni, Burgnich, Jair, Bertini, Boninsegna, S.Mazzola, Corso #1979/80 Bordon, Baresi, Oriali, Pasinato, Mozzini, Bini, Caso, Marini, Altobelli, Beccalossi, Muraro #1988/89 Zenga, Bergomi, Brehme, Matteoli, Ferri, Mandorlini, A.Bianchi, Berti, Diaz, Matthaeus, A.A.Serena
- European Cup: 2 #1963/64 Sarti, Burgnich, Facchetti, Tagnin, Guarneri, Picchi, Jair, S.Mazzola, Milani, Suarez, Corso #1964/65 Sarti, Burgnich, Facchetti, Bedin, Guarneri, Picchi, Jair, S.Mazzola, Peirò, Suarez, Corso
- Italian Cup 4 #1938/39 Sain, Buonocore, Setti, Locatelli, Olmi, Campatelli, Frossi, A.Demaria I, Guarnieri, G.Meazza, P.Ferraris II #1977/78 Cipollini, Canuti, Fedele, Baresi, Gasparini, Bini, Scanziani, Oriali, Altobelli, Marini, Muraro #1981/82 Bordon, Bergomi, Baresi, Marini, Canuti, Bini, Bagni, Prohaska, Altobelli, Beccalossi, Oriali #2004/05 Toldo, J Zanetti, Materazzi, Mihajlovic, Favalli, Ze Maria, Cambiasso, Stankovic, Kily Gonzalez, Martins, Adriano
- UEFA Cup: 3 #1990/91 Zenga, Bergomi, Brehme, Battistini, Ferri, A.Paganin, A.Bianchi, Berti, Klinsmann, Matthaeus, Pizzi #1993/94 Zenga, A.Paganin, D.Fontolan, Jonk, Bergomi, Battistini, Orlando, Manicone, Berti, Bergkamp, Sosa #1997/98 Pagliuca, Colonnese, Fresi, West, J.Zanetti, A.Winter, Ze’ Elias, Djorkaeff, Simeone, Zamorano, Ronaldo
- Intercontinental Cup: 2 #1964 Sarti, Malatrasi, Facchetti, Tagnin, Guarneri, Picchi, Domenghini, Milani, Peirò, Suarez, Corso #1965 Sarti, Burgnich, Facchetti, Bedin, Guarneri, Picchi, Jair, S.Mazzola, Peirò, Suarez, Corso
- SuperCoppa Italiana 2 #1988/89 Zenga, Baresi, Brehme, Matteoli, Bergomi, Verdelli, Bianchi, Berti, Morello, Cucchi, A.Serena #2005/06 Toldo, J Zanetti, Materazzi, Cordoba, Favalli, Ze Maria, Cambiasso, Stankovic, Veron, Martins, Adriano Finals:
- European Cup 2 #1966/67 Sarti; Burgnich, Guarneri, Facchetti; Bedin, Picchi; Domenghini, Mazzola, Cappellini, Bicicli, Corso #1971/72 Bordonl Burgnich, Facchetti, Bellugi, Oriali; Giubertoni, Bedin, Frustalupi; Jair (Pellizarro), Mazzola, Boninsegna
- UEFA Cup 1 #1996/97 Pagliuca, Bergomi, Fresi, Paganin, Pistone, Djorkaeff, Sforza, Ince, Zanetti, Ganz, Zamorano
- Central Europe Cup (Mitropa Cup) 1 (The Mitropa Cup carried a prestige only comparable with the Champions' Cup of later decades) #1933
- Italian Cup 4 #1958/59 Matteucci, Guarneri, Gatti, Masiero, Cardarelli, Bolchi, Bicieli, Firmani, Angelillo, Corso, Rizzolini #1964/65 Sarti, Burgnich, Facchetti, Bedin, Guarneri, Picchi, Jair, S.Mazzola, Peirò, Suarez, Corso #1976/77 #1999/00 Peruzzi, Serena, Cordoba, Blanc, Domoraud, Zanetti, Di Biagio, Cauet, Seedorf, Baggio, Zamorano #2004/2005 (Leg 1) Toldo, J Zanetti, Mihajlovic, Materazzi, Ze Maria, Favalli, Kily (v.d. Meyde), Cambiasso, Stankovic, Martins (Cruz), Adriano. (Leg 2) Toldo, Cordoba, Mihajlovic, Materazzi, Ze Maria, Favalli (Gamarra), Kily, Stankovic (Biava), C Zanetti, Martins, Cruz Youth Trophies
- National Championship "Primavera" - Under 20: 1964, 1966, 1969, 1989, 2002
- Coppa Italia - Under 20: 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978
- National Championship "Berretti" - Under 18: 1980, 1984, 1991
- National Championship "Allievi" - Under 16: 1985, 1987, 1998
- National Championship "Giovanissimi" - Under 14: 1988, 1997, 2003
- International Trophy "Città di Viareggio" - Under 20: 1962, 1971, 1986, 2002
- Youth International Tournament - Città di Bergamo: 1998, 1999
- Youth Tournament U-19 Naters (Valais, Switzerland): 1999
- Citta di Gradisca-Trofeo Nereo Rocco U-16/U-17: 2000
- Trofeo Internazionale Giovanile "Citta di Arco - Beppe Viola" (U-17/U-16): 1999
- Tournoi International Juniors U-19 de Croix (France): 1964
- Tournoi Espoirs U-20 du CS Chênois (Switzerland): 1976
- San Remo U-18 Tournament (Italy): 1948, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1970, 1990
- Torneo Internazionale U-19/U-20 di Bellinzona (Ticino, Switzerland): 1946, 1949, 1966, 1979, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989
- Blue Stars Youth Tournament (U 20 Zürich, Switzerland): 1983
- Tournoi Juniors du Servette FC, Switzerland: 1953,1954,1955,1957,1961 Other Trophies won by Inter
- Turnier Sankt Moritz: 1911
- Torneo Zürich di Milano: 1969
- Trofeo Ciudad de Vigo: 1996
- Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu: 1993, 2001
- Coppa Super Clubs (Mundialito de Clubs): 1981
- Trofeo Birra Moretti: 2001, 2002
- Trofeo Valle d'Aosta: 1998
- Trofeo TIM: 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005

External links

- [http://www.inter.it Official Website] (in Italian, English, and Spanish)
- [http://www.forza-inter.com/forums/ Forza Inter Forums]
- [http://only-inter.fateback.com/default.htm Only Inter Website]
- [http://www.intermilan-online.com Inter Milan Online]
- [http://www.interfans.org Inter Fans]
- [http://www.intermediolan.com/ Polish Inter Milan Site]
- [http://alwaysinter.proboards57.com/index.cgi Always Inter Fansite] Category:Italian football clubs Category:Internazionale Category:Milan ja:インテルナツィオナーレ・ミラノ

Milan

:This is about the Italian city of Milan. For other uses, see Milan (disambiguation). Milan (Italian: Milano; Milanese dialect: Milán) is the main city in northern Italy, and is located in the plains of Lombardy, the most populated and developed region in Italy. The city proper has about 1.3 million inhabitants (2004), but the population including the surrounding metropolitan area is about 4 million. Milan's name has for many centuries been recorded as Mailand, which is still the German name of the city today. It comes from the Celtic Mid-lan (meaning "in the middle of the plain") and was known as Mediolanum by the Romans. Its province lies in the western part of Lombardy; it covers an area of 1,982 km² and has a population of 3,707,210 (2001 census); in 1991, the population was 3,738,685. The province comprises 188 communes, ranging in population (2001) from Milan Municipality (1,256,211) to Nosate (638); the city of Milan has lost 113,084 inhabitants (8.3 percent), from 1991 to 2001. The town is famous for fashion firms and shops (via Montenapoleone) and the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele on the Piazza Duomo, reputed to be the world's oldest shopping mall. Milan is one of the world capitals of fashion, like New York City, Paris, London and Rome, and design. Another famed product of the city is the traditional Christmas sweet cake called Panettone. Milan is also famous for the Alfa Romeo and its silk production.

History

It is presumed Milan was originally founded by the Celts of Northern Italy around 600 BC and was conquered around 222 BC by the Romans, who gave it the name of Mediolanum. In the 4th century A.D., at the time of the bishop Saint Ambrose and emperor Theodosius I, the city was briefly the capital of the Western Roman Empire. At that time Milan was the second largest city in Europe, with more than 300,000 inhabitants. In the 11th century, after the Ostrogothic and Lombard periods, the city regained its importance and led other Italian cities in gaining semi-independence from the Holy Roman Empire. During the Plague of 1349 Milan was one of the few places in Europe that was untouched by the epidemic, but it was deeply affected by the plagues of 1402 (50,000 deaths), 1542 (80,000), 1576 (17,000) and 1629 (also known as Great Plague of Milan, 70,000 deaths). During the Renaissance Milan was ruled by dukes of the Visconti and Sforza families, who had artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Bramante at their service. After trying to conquer the rest of northern Italy in the 15th century, Milan was conquered by France, and then by Spain, in the early 16th century. In the 18th century Austria replaced Spain as Milan's overlord, but the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars saw the city annexed into the French satellite states of the Cisalpine Republic, which later became the Kingdom of Italy. After this period, Milan was part of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, under Austrian rule. Milan eventually became one of the main centers of Italian nationalism, claiming independence and the unification of Italy. In 1859 (after the second of the Wars of Italian Independence) Austrian rule was ended by the Kingdom of Sardinia (which transformed into the kingdom of Italy in 1861). As a critical industrial center of Italy, Milan was target of continuous carpet bombing during World War II. The city was bombed even after Pietro Badoglio surrendered to the allied forces in 1943. In fact Milan was part of Mussolini's puppet state Italian Social Republic and an important command centre of the German Army stationed in Italy. When war in Italy was finally over, April 25 1945, Milan was heavily damaged and entire neighborhoods like Precotto and Turro were destroyed. After the war the city was reconstructed and has again become an important financial and industrial centre of Italy. See also: Rulers of Milan.

Demographics

Milan is a very diverse city, because it is the second largest city in Italy but it is probably the most industrial centre in the country. Many of the immigrants are from Asian and North African nations. A small percentage comes from Latin America. The city is 91% Italian, and the remaining groups include Egyptian, Filipino, Sri Lankan, Chinese, and Albanian.

Economy

Milan is the centre of many financial businesses, and its hinterland is an avant-garde industrial area. [http://www.fieramilano.com/ Fiera Milano], the city's Exhibition Center and Trade Fair complex is one of the most important in the world. The new fairground, in the north-western suburb of Pero and Rho (opened in April 2005) is Europe's largest open construction project and makes Fiera Milano the largest trade fair complex in the world. Milan was included in a list of ten "Alpha world cities" by Peter J. Taylor and Robert E. Lang of the Brookings Institution in the economic report "'U.S. Cities in the 'World City Network'" ([http://www.brookings.edu/metro/pubs/20050222_worldcities.htm Key Findings], [http://www.brookings.edu/dybdocroot/metro/pubs/20050222_worldcities.pdf Full Report]).

Famous Businesses of Milan

- Giorgio Armani
- Dolce & Gabbana
- Prada
- Gianni Versace
- Pirelli
- Telecom Italia
- Fiera Milano
- Alemagna
- Alfa Romeo
- Motta
- Mediaset
- Bugatti
- Corriere della Sera/RCS
- Giangiacomo Feltrinelli Editore
- Arnoldo Mondadori Editore
- ENI
- Ferrovie Nord Milano
- Banca Intesa
- Mediobanca
- Aermacchi

Architecture & Places

Principal churches

- Duomo (Milan cathedral)
- Sant'Alessandro
- Basilica di Sant'Ambrogio
- Santa Maria delle Grazie (with Leonardo's "Last Supper")
- San Babila
- San Bernardino alle Ossa
- Basilica di Sant'Eustorgio
- Basilica di San Lorenzo Santa Maria delle Grazie
- San Marco
- Santuario di Santa Maria dei Miracoli
- Santa Maria del Carmine
- Basilica di San Nazaro Maggiore
- Santa Maria presso San Satiro
- San Sebastiano
- San Simpliciano
- Santo Stefano Maggiore

Famous monuments

- Alessandro Manzoni in Piazza San Fedele
- Colonne di San Lorenzo
- Disc of Pomodoro
- Fontana del Piermarini in Piazza Fontana
- Mazzini's monument in Piazza della Repubblica
- Monumento Cinque Giornate
- Napoleone of Canova in Brera
- Statua di Oldrado da Trasseno del Palazzo della Ragione
- San Carlo Borromeo in Piazza Borromeo
- Leonardo's monument in Piazza della Scala
- Roman amphitheatre (scant remains)
- Archi di Porta Nuova
- Leonardo da Vinci's Horse Statue at Hippodrome
- "The Needle and the Yarn" in Piazza Cadorna

Notable architecture

- Duomo Duomo
- Castello Sforzesco (Sforza Castle)
- Ca' Granda (University of Milan)
- Palazzo della Ragione
- Palazzo Reale
- Teatro alla Scala
- Central Station (the biggest Italian station)
- Palazzo Serbelloni
- Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II
- Velasca Tower
- Pirelli Tower (seat of Lombardy Region and the highest italian skyscraper)
- New Milan Fair Complex of M. Fuksas (in Rho-Pero)

Culture & Art

Pirelli Tower Milan is one of the most important centres in the world for Opera lirica, with its famous Teatro alla Scala (La Scala, theatre). The Biblioteca Ambrosiana contains drawings and notebooks by Leonardo da Vinci among its vast holdings of books, manuscripts and drawings and is one of the main repositories of European culture. The city is also the home of the Brera Academy of Fine Arts. In the church Santa Maria delle Grazie can be found one of the most famous paintings of Leonardo da Vinci: The Last Supper (it: "Cenacolo"). Milan is well known for is its enormous graffiti problem. It is internationally regarded as having one of the worst problems in Europe, mainly caused by the city's local youth. It is layered in many parts of the towns and has made its impact throughout the city. This is believed to be caused by Milan's anti-graffiti laws, which Milan residents largely regard as a joke.

Museums & Exhibitions

- Pinacoteca di Brera
- Pinacoteca Ambrosiana
- Galleria d'Arte Moderna
- Triennale di Milano
- Castello Sforzesco
- Museo Egizio
- Museo Poldi Pezzoli
- Museo della Preistoria e Protostoria
- Museo d’Arte Antica
- Palazzo Reale
- Museo Teatro alla Scala
- Padiglione di Arte Contemporanea
- Museo di Storia Naturale
- Museo della Scienza e della Tecnica "Leonardo da Vinci"
- Galleria Vinciana
- Museo Bagatti Valsecchi
- Museo degli Strumenti Musicali
- Museo delle Arti Decorative
- Museo Archeologico
- Museo di Milano
- Museo di Storia Contemporanea
- Museo del Risorgimento

Theaters

- Teatro alla Scala
- Arcimboldi
- Piccolo teatro
- Teatro Lirico
- Teatro Carcano
- CRT - Teatro dell'Arte
- Manzoni
- Ventaglio Nazionale
- Nuovo
- Nuovo Piccolo Teatro
- Piccolo Teatro di Milano
- San Babila
- Smeraldo
- Ciak
- Della 14a
- Filodrammatici
- Litta
- Olmetto
- Out Off
- L'Elfo
- Porta Romana
- Franco Parenti
- Teatro Studio
- Verdi

Universities

- Politecnico di Milano
- Università Statale
- Università Statale Milano-Bicocca
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
- Università Bocconi
- Scuola Superiore di Direzione Aziendale - Bocconi
- Università I.U.L.M.
- Università C.Cattaneo L.I.U.C.
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele
- L.U.C. Beato Angelico
- Accademia delle Belle Arti di Brera
- Conservatorio Superiore "G. Verdi" di Milano
- Istituto Europeo di Design
- I.S.E.F.

Transportation

Airports

The city has a large international airport known as Malpensa International Airport (MXP), located in Varese, Italy and connected at the downtown with the railway service called "Malpensa Express" (from Cadorna Station). Milan has also the Linate Airport (LIN) within the city limits (for european-national traffic) and connected with BUS line 73 (from S. Babila).

Subways, tramways, and buses

Linate Airport Linate Airport Milan has 3 subway lines (M1 - red, M2 - green, M3 - yellow) and the system, called Milan Metro - "M", runs for more than 80 km. There is also a light metro-service called "Metrò S. Raffaele", that connects the S. Raffaele Hospital with the Cascina Gobba station (M2). Extensions of line 1, 2 and 3 are under construction, giving more than 15 km of track with 10 new stations. Line 5 is also under construction and will be finished in the first half of 2008. Line 4 (link with downtown and Linate Airport) and 6 are in planning stages. Milan also has one of the most extensive tramway systems in the world, with more than 286 km of tracks and 20 lines connecting Greater Milan. There are 93 bus lines covering over 1,070 km amongst them. The local transportation authority (ATM) transported more than 600 million passengers in 2003 .

National Railway

Milan is one of the most important railway hubs of Italy, and the 5 major stations of Milan are among Italy's busiest:
- Milano Centrale (passenger station - the second italian station)
- Milano P.ta Garibaldi (passenger station)
- Milano Lambrate (passenger station)
- Milano Rogoredo (passenger station)
- Milano Greco (passenger station)
- Milano San Cristoforo (passenger and cargo station)
- Milano Porta Romana (passenger and cargo station)
- Milano Certosa (passenger station)
- Milano Smistamento/Scalo Farini (cargo-trains). Three new stations for passenger service are under construction:
- Milano Romolo
- Milano Tibaldi
- Milano/Rho Fiera High speed train lines are under contruction all across Italy, and in the next 3 years new lines will be opened from Milan to Rome and Naples and from Milan to Torino. The stations for the TAV (Treni ad Alta Velocità - High Speed Trains) will be:
- Milano Rogoredo (for the south)
- Milano Certosa and Milano/Rho Fiera (for the West) The line from Milan to Venice and then to Trieste is partially under construction. At the end of the work the station for the TAV from Milan to the East will be:
- Milano Pioltello

Regional-Metropolitan Railway services

The Suburban Railway Service (called "S" Lines, a service similar to the French RER and German S-Bahn), composed of 8 suburban lines (10 scheduled for 2008), connects the "Greater Milan" and other cities, like Como or Varese. The Regional Railway Service (called "R"), instead, links Milan with the rest of Lombardy and with the national railway system. The "Passante ferroviario" is an underground railway serving a couple of "S" lines and is very much like another subway line (and is even marked as such on subway maps), except that it is connected to the FNME and Trenitalia suburban networks.

Taxis

Milan has an efficient Taxi service, operated by private companies and licensed by the City of Milan (Comune di Milano). All taxis are the same color: white. Prices are based on time elapsed and distance traveled.

Sports

Football is the most important sport in Italy, and Milan is home of 2 world-famous football teams: A.C. Milan and Internazionale. Milan is the only city in Europe where teams have won both the Champions European Cup and the Intercontinental Cup. Both teams play at Giuseppe Meazza - San Siro Stadium (85,700). Many of the strongest Italian players of Football were born in Milano or in the nerby Metropolitan Area: Valentino Mazzola, Renzo De Vecchi, Paolo Maldini, Giuseppe Meazza, Giacinto Facchetti, Gianni Rivera, Paolo Rossi, Luigi Riva, Gaetano Scirea, Giuseppe Bergomi, Walter Zenga, Antonio Cabrini, Roberto Donadoni, Gianluca Vialli, Silvio Piola, Virginio Rosetta, Giampiero Boniperti, Giuseppe Dossena, Gabriele Oriali, Giuseppe Signori, Ugo Locatelli, Giampiero Marini, Aristide Guarneri, Paolino Pulici, Marcello Lippi, Giovanni Trapattoni, Franco e Giuseppe Baresi, Luigi Cevenini, Virgilio e Giuseppe Fossati, Giovanni Ferrari... ----
- The famous Monza Formula One circuit is located in the suburbs. It one of the world's oldest car racing circuits, and one of the most famous. The capacity for the F1 races is around 137,000 people.
- Olimpia Milano is a successful European basketball team that have won 3 European Cups, a World Cup, 3 Winners' Cups, 2 Korac Cups and 25 National Championships. It is the most important Italian team and one of the top 5 in Europe. Olimpia play at Forum (capacity of 14,000 people).
- The Amatory Rugby Club Milano have won 18 National Championships and are the most famous and important Rugby team of Italy.
- Different ice hockey teams from Milan have won 30 National Championships between them. Today the Vipers Milano have won the last 4 national championships, the Alpenliga and several Coppa Italia, and are the leaders of that sport in Italy. They play at the Agora Stadium (capacity 4,500) during the regular season and at the Forum during the playoffs .
- Every year in Milan is played the Bonfiglio Trophy of Tennis for Under 18. It is the most important youth tournament in the world, and is played at the Milan Tennis Club. The Central Court has a capacity of 8000 people. (In the past it has been won by Tacchini, Kodes, Panatta, Barazzutti, Moreno, Borg, Smid, Lendl, Forget, Curier, Ivanisevic, Kafelnikov, Coira) Milan and Lombardy are candidate for the Summer Olympic Games of 2016 (Milan-Lombardy 2016).

Stadiums

- Autodromo Nazionale Monza - car and moto racing - 137,000
- San Siro - only football - 85,700
- Arena Civica - Athletic, Rugby, Football, 30,000
- Brianteo - Athletic, Football - 18,568
- Ippodromo del Trotter - Horse Racing - 16,000
- Ippodromo del Galoppo - Horse Racing - 15,000
- Forum di Assago - Basket, Ice Hockey, Volley, Music - 13,000 to 16,000
- MazdaPalace - Basket, Volley - 13,500
- Velodromo Vigorelli - Cycling, American Football - 12,000
- PalaLido - Basket - 5,000
- Agorà - Ice Hockey - 4,000
- Nuovo Giuriati - Rugby - 4,000 Other stadiums and multiuse palaces are located in the Metropolitan Area. The biggest are the Monza Brianteo Stadium (18,000 seats), the PalaDesio (10,000) and the Geas Stadium (8,500).

Communication & media

Newspapers

- Corriere della Sera (daily)
- Il Giorno (daily)
- Il Giornale (daily)
- Libero (daily)
- Il Sole 24 Ore (daily)
- Milano Finanza (daily)
- La Padania (daily)
- La Gazzetta dello Sport (daily, sports only)
- Metro (daily)

Magazines

- Panorama (weekly)
- La Settimana Enigmistica (weekly)
- TV Sorrisi & Canzoni (weekly)
- Oggi (weekly)
- Marie Claire (weekly)
- AnnaBella (weekly)
- Explora (monthly)
- Focus (monthly)

TV and radio

- Mediaset (National Hdq)
- RAI (Milan Regional Hdq)
- MTV (South-Europe Hdq)
- Sky Italia (National Hdq)
- Radio Deejay (National Hdq)
- R101
- Radio 105
- Radio 24

Sister cities

Milan has 14 sister cities:
- Bethlehem
- Birmingham, England, [http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/twins Birmingham's Partner City page]
- Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Krakow, Poland
- Dakar, Senegal
- Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Lyon, France
- Melbourne, Australia
- Osaka, Japan
- Saint Petersburg, Russia
- São Paulo, Brazil
- Shanghai, China
- Tianjin, China
- Tel Aviv, Israel
- Thessaloniki, Greece
- Toronto, Canada

External links

- [http://www.comune.milano.it City of Milan - official website]
- [http://www.atm-mi.it/ATM/eng/ ATM - Milan's Transportation Company]
- [http://www.sottomilano.it Milan's Underground System]
- [http://www.italy-weather-and-maps.com/italy/maps/milanmap.php Clickable map of Milan]
- [http://milan.arounder.com/fullscreen.html for broadband: Interactive high quality fullscreen QTVR panoramas]
- [http://www.alberghi-a.milano.it/info.htm useful informations about milan]

Milano Photo Gallery

Image:Duomo 1.jpg|Duomo Image:Duomo lontano.JPG|Duomo Image:IMG 1459.JPG|The Madonnina Statue on the top of Duomo Image:IMG 1551.JPG|View of the rear of the Duomo Image:IMG 1411.JPG|Inside the Duomo Image:IMG 1783.JPG|Leonardo Da Vinci Horse Statue at Hippodrome Image:IMG 1469.JPG|Piazza Duomo Image:IMG 1455.JPG|Piazza Duomo, the Arengario Museum Image:Sambrogio .JPG|Sant'Ambrogio Basilique Image:IMG 1983.JPG|Sant'Ambrogio Basilique Image:218144.jpg|Naviglio Grande Image:Navigliograndenotte.jpg|Naviglio Grande at night Image:Lavandai 1.jpg|Naviglio Grande, Vicolo Lavandai Image:Chiesa 2 borromeo.JPG|Sant'Alessandro Image:Chiesa via san vittore.JPG|San Vittore Image:IMG 0823.JPG|Sant'Eustorgio Basilique Image:Seustorgio facciata.JPG|Sant'Eustorgio Basilique Image:Sanfedele.JPG|San Fedele Image:218178.jpg|Porta Ticinese Image:218139.JPG|Cimitero Monunemtale, the Famedio Image:La scala.JPG|La Scala square and Theatre Image:Cadorna.jpg|Cadorna square: Ago & Filo monument Image:Repubblicamilano.jpg|Financial District Image:Galva.jpg|Torre Galfa Image:Pirellone1.JPG|Pirelli skyscraper Image:Pirellone3.JPG|Pirelli skyscraper Image:Pirelli44.JPG|Pirelli skyscraper Image:PAOLO003.jpg|San Siro Stadium Image:PAOLO009.jpg|San Siro Stadium Image:219579.jpg|San Siro Stadium Image:Certosagaregnano.JPG|Certosa di Garegnano Image:Garegnano44.JPG|Inside the Certosa di Garegnano Image:Centrale546.jpg|Stazione Centrale Image:Corsovem.JPG|Corso Vittorio Emanuele II° Image:Galleria657.JPG|Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II° Image:GALLERIA205.jpg|Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II° Image:IMG 1489.JPG|Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II° Image:Galleria7776.JPG|Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II° Image:Smaurizioinside.jpg|Inside the San Maurizio church Image:Velasca3.JPG|Torre Velasca Image:Svizzero777.jpg|Centro Svizzero Image:Pharmaciabn.JPG|Gemini Center Image:Turati2331.jpg|Via Turati Image:Sansatiro5.jpg|Inside the San Satiro church: Bramante's trompe l'oeil Category:Milan Category:Roman sites of Lombardy Category:Cities in Lombardy ko:밀라노 ja:ミラノ simple:Milan

Lombardy

Lombardy (Italian: Lombardia) is a region in northern Italy between the Alps and the Po Valley. It borders the Italian regions of Piedmont, Emilia-Romagna, and Veneto, Trentino-South Tyrol, as well as Switzerland. One-sixth of Italy's population lives in Lombardy. Its capital is Milan, the fourth-largest conurbation in Europe, with more than 6.5 million inhabitants. The current governor of Lombardy is Roberto Formigoni. Pirelli Tower, the highest skyscraper in Italy (127 m), is the seat of Lombardy's regional government. Lombardy is one of the three richest regions in Europe, with a per capita gross domestic product that is 30 percent higher than the rest of Italy. Many foreign and national companies have their headquarters in Milan, and Lombardy is home to many many top-rated clubs in football, rugby, ice hockey and basketball.

History

The region is named for the Lombards or Longobardi, who came after the fall of the (western) Roman Empire. The Lombards spoke a Germanic language akin to Anglo-Saxon. There was a close relationship between the Frankish, Bavarian and Lombard nobility for many centuries. The name "Lombardy" applied to the whole of Northern Italy until the 15th century.

Lombardy's motto

The Region of Lombardy's motto is "Una regione per fare" (in English, "A region to act"). A motto in the local language is "Se lavora di stell ai stell", meaning "One works from the stars to the stars", ie from dawn to evening.

Provinces

The region is divided into the following provinces, all named after their capital cities:
- Bergamo
- Brescia (weapon industries)
- Como (silk industries - Lake Como)
- Cremona
- Lecco
- Lodi
- Mantova
- Milano
- Monza e Brianza (effective in 2009) (furniture industries)
- Pavia (one of the most ancient universities)
- Sondrio (Valtellina)
- Varese (shoes industries) Its twelve provinces are subdivided into a total of 1,562 communes, ranging in population from Milan (1,256,211) to Morterone, near Lake Como, with only 33 inhabitants (2001 census). Lake Como

Main cities

- Milan 1,256,211 Milan
- Brescia 187,567
- Monza 120,204
- Bergamo 113,143
- Varese 80,511
- Sesto San Giovanni 78,850
- Como 78,680
- Busto Arsizio 75,916
- Cinisello Balsamo 72,050
- Pavia 71,214
- Cremona 70,887
- Vigevano 57,450
- Legnano 53,797
- Rho 50,246

Transportation

Airports

There are four main airports in Lombardy:
- Milan-Malpensa Int.l Airport (MXP),
- Milan-Linate Airport (LIN)
- Bergamo-Orio al Serio Airport (BGY)
- Brescia Montichiari (VBS) Milan-Linate Airport Milan's two airports are considered the most crowded Italian hub with more than 30 million passengers a year.

Railway service

The Suburban Railway Service (called "S" Lines, the service is similar to the French RER and German S-Bahn), composed of 8 commuter rail lines (10 as of 2008), connects the Milan Metropolitan Area ("Great Milan"), and other important cities, like Como or Varese. The Regional Railway Service (called "R"), on the other hand, links the cities of Lombardy and connects the region with the national railway system. 2008

Tourism information

Famous Lombards

- Virgil
- Pliny the Elder
- Pliny the Younger
- Archbishop Ambrose
- Archbishop Ariberto
- Cesare Beccaria
- The Verri Brothers
- Alessandro Volta
- Carlo Cattaneo
- Alessandro Manzoni
- Gianni Brera
- Carlo Emilio Gadda
- Silvio Berlusconi
- Dario Fo
- Giorgio Gaber
- Adriano Celentano

Food

- Risotto alla milanese
- Cotoletta alla milanese
- Osso buco
- Cassoeula
- Panettone
- Missoltini
- Polenta
- Torrone
- Bresaola
- Rane fritte
- Lumache in guazzetto
- Polenta taragna
- Pizzoccheri
- Gorgonzola
- Granone lodigiano
- Brasato
- Tapelucco
- Involtini di verza
- Trippa alla milanese
- Risotto alla vogherese
- Rostisciada
- Ravioli di brasato
- Pesce d'acqua dolce in carpione
- Olio d'oliva del Garda

Wines

- Inferno
- Sassella
- Sfursat
- Franciacorta Brut
- Franciacorta rosso
- Lugana
- Bonarda dell'Oltrepò
- Barbera dell'Oltrepò
- Moscato dell'Oltrepò
- San Colombano

Local language

- Lombard language

External links

General information

- [http://www.regione.lombardia.it Regione Lombardia] - Official website
- [http://www.italy-weather-and-maps.com/maps/italy/lombardy.gif Map of Lombardy]

Provinces

- [http://www.provincia.bergamo.it/ Provincia di Bergamo]
- [http://www.provincia.brescia.it/ Provincia di Brescia]
- [http://www.provincia.como.it/ Provincia di Como]
- [http://www.provincia.cremona.it// Provincia di Cremona]
- [http://www.provincia.lecco.it/ Provincia di Lecco]
- [http://www.provincia.lodi.it/ Provincia di Lodi]
- [http://www.provincia.mantova.it/ Provincia di Mantova]
- [http://www.provincia.milano.it/ Provincia di Milano]
- [http://www.provincia.pv.it// Provincia di Pavia]
- [http://www.provincia.varese.it/ Provincia di Varese]
- [http://www.provincia.sondrio.it// Provincia di Sondrio]

Universities

- [http://www.polimi.it/ Milan's Politecnic]
- [http://www.unibocconi.it/ Università Bocconi] (Milan)
- [http://www.unicatt.it/ Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore] (Milan)
- [http://www.unimi.it/ Università degli Studi di Milano]
- [http://www.unimib.it/ Università degli Studi Milano Bicocca] (Milan-Monza)
- [http://www.unibg.it/ Università degli Studi di Bergamo]
- [http://www.unibs.it/ Università degli Studi di Brescia]
- [http://www.unimn.it/ Università degli Studi di Mantova]
- [http://www.unipv.it/ Università degli Studi di Pavia]
- [http://www.uninsubria.it/ Università degli Studi dell'Insubria] (Varese-Como)
- Category:NUTS 2 Statistical Regions of Europe ja:ロンバルディア州 simple:Lombardy

Serie A

Serie A is the top division of the Italian Football League, the highest football league in Italy. The division consists of 20 clubs from the 2004-05 season, with each team competing against each other team twice, round-robin style, for a total of 38 matches per season. The bottom three clubs in the league table are relegated to Serie B. The top two clubs from Serie B are promoted automatically, while the third- through sixth-place clubs enter a promotion playoff for the final place in Serie A. The promotion playoff, similar to that used for years in England's Football League, was first employed in 2004-05. Serie A, as it is structured today, began in 1929. From 1898 to 1929 the competition was organised into regional groups. No title was awarded in 1927 after Torino were stripped of the championship by the Italian Football Federation (FIGC). Torino were declared champions in the 1948-49 season following a plane crash near the end of the season in which the entire team was killed. The Serie A Championship is often referred to as the Scudetto (small shield) because the winning team will bear a small coat of arms with the Italian tricolour on their uniform in the following season. The most successful league club is Juventus with 28 championships, followed by A.C. Milan (17), Internazionale (13) and Genoa C&FC (9). Each ten titles won allow the team to wear a golden star, so Juventus has two stars, while Milan and Internazionale have one star.

Teams 2005-06

The 2005-06 season presents twenty teams. The first two teams will enter to the UEFA Champions League, while the third and fourth will compete for the qualification to the same tournament. The fifth and sixth teams, as well as the winner of the Coppa Italia, will enter into UEFA Cup. For the season 2005-06, the Italian teams playing Champions League are Juventus, Milan, Internazionale, and Udinese – the last two entered through qualification matches; Sampdoria, Palermo and Roma (as runner-up in Coppa Italia) will play in the UEFA Cup.

Champions

Image:Totti-a.s.Roma-celebration.jpg|2000-01. Transfer on a Roman house to celebrate Totti and A.S. Roma 3^rd scudetto. Image:Milano Scudetto Milan 1.jpg|2003-04. Celebrations in Milan for the 17^th scudetto of A.C. Milan. Category:Italian football competitions Category:National football (soccer) premier leagues ja:セリエA (サッカー)

1908

1908 (MCMVIII) is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January-February

- January 1 - British Harry Bensley leaves for his would-be trip around the world pushing a pram and wearing an iron mask, beginning from the Trafalgar Square
- January 1 - A ball signifying New Year's Day drops in New York City's Times Square for the first time
- January 8 - A train collision occurs in the Park Avenue Tunnel in New York City killing 17, injuring 38 and leading to increased demand for electric trains.
- January 11 - Grand Canyon National Monument is created
- January 12 - A long-distance radio message is sent from the Eiffel Tower for the first time.
- January 15 - Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, the first Greek-letter organization by and for Black college women is established.
- January 21 - New York City passes a law, the Sullivan Ordinance, making it illegal for aliens to smoke in public only to be vetoed by the mayor.
- January 24 - Robert Baden-Powell begins the Boy Scout movement
- February 1 - King Carlos I of Portugal and Crown Prince Luis shot in Lisbon
- February 11 - Australia regain The Ashes with a 308 run cricket victory over England.
- February 18 - Japanese immigration to USA forbidden
- February 25 - Los Angeles. The Bible Institute of Los Angeles (now Biola University) founded.

April-June

- April 7 - Herbert Henry Asquith takes office as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, from Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
- April 21 - Friedrich A Cook's claimed date to have reached North Pole
- April 27 - The 1908 Summer Olympics open in London.
- May 10 - Mother's Day is observed for the first time (Andrew's Methodist Church in Grafton, West Virginia).
- May 26 - At Masjid-al-Salaman in southwest Persia, the first major commercial oil strike in the Middle East is made. The rights to the resource are quickly acquired by the United Kingdom.
- June 30 - The Tunguska impact event, also known as the "Russian explosion" occurs in Siberia.

July-December

- July 6 - Robert Peary sets sail for the Arctic North Pole.
- July 11-12 night - Explosion of a ship Amalthea in the Malmö harbor in Sweden, housing 80 British strikebreakers. 1 dead, 20 injured.
- July 13 - Women compete in modern Olympics for the first time.
- July 19 - Feyenoord Rotterdam was founded.
- July 22 - Albert Fisher establishes the Fisher Body Company to manufacture carriage and automobile bodies.
- July 26 - United States Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte issues an order to immediately staff the Office of the Chief Examiner (later renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation).
- September 8 - Danish minister of Justice, Alberti, is revealed to be an embezzler
- September 27 - Henry Ford produces his first Model T automobile.
- October 5 - Bulgaria declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire - Ferdinand I of Bulgaria becomes Tsar
- October 14 - The Chicago Cubs win the World Series by defeating the Detroit Tigers 2-0 in the fifth game. They haven't won the World Series since.
- December 28 - An 7 Richter scale earthquake destroys Messina, Sicily and rocks Calabria killing over 75,000.
- November - William Howard Taft defeats William Jennings Bryan in the U.S. presidential election
- November 13 - Andrew Fisher becomes the 5th Prime Minister of Australia.

unknown dates

- First Zionist colony in Palestine
- British suffragettes begin a campaign for female suffrage
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson is the first woman in England to be elected mayor (of Aldeburgh)
- Due to the evidence collected by Roger Casement, Léopold II of Belgium is forced to make reforms in Congo, which is his personal colony
- The Children's Encyclopedia
- Bureau of Investigation, forerunner of FBI, founded
- Blackball coal miner strike in New Zealand lasts 11 weeks
- Isak Saba, the first Sami in the Norwegian parliament
- Henri Matisse open his own art academy
- Serial killer Belle Guinness disappears in Laporte
- Young Turks revolution in the Ottoman Empire
- Change of Emperor of Qing Dynasty from Guangxu Emperor of China (1875-1908) to Henry Puyi (1909-1911)
- A 40,000-year-old Neandertal boy skeleton is found at Le Moustier in southwest France.
- The Child Labour Act of Ontario is passed.
- The Irish Universities Act, 1908 is passed and creates the National University of Ireland at Dublin and the Queen's University of Belfast.
- First Ideal Home Exhibition held.
- De Meester's Dutch government resigns.
- Discovery of oil deposits near the Persian city of Abadan.
- Abd al-Aziz IV, sultan of Morocco is deposed and is succeeded by his brother Abd al-Hafiz.
- The Young Turks rebel and force sultan Abd al-Hamid II to adhere to the constitution of 1876.
- The University of the Philippines is founded at Manila.
- The University of Alberta is founded in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
- First year of Rugby League in Australia
- American Temperance University closes.

Births

January

- January 8 - William Hartnell, British actor (d. 1975)
- January 9 - Simone de Beauvoir, French feminist writer (d. 1986)
- January 12 - Jean Delannoy, French film director
- January 14 - Russ Columbo, singer, bandleader, and composer (d. 1934)
- January 15 - Edward Teller, Hungarian-born physicist (d. 2003)
- January 22 - Lev Davidovich Landau, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968)
- January 26 - Stéphane Grappelli, French jazz violinist and composer (d. 1997)
- January 27 - Oran "Hot Lips" Page, American jazz musician (d. 1954)

February

- February 1 - George Pál, Hungarian-born animator (d. 1980)
- February 5 - Daisy and Violet Hilton, English conjoined twin actresses (d. 1969)
- February 11 - Vivian Ernest Fuchs, English geologist and explorer (d. 1999)
- February 17 - Red Barber, baseball announcer and sports journalist (d. 1992)
- February 22 - John Mills, English actor (d. 2005)
- February 23 - William McMahon, twentieth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1988)
- February 26 - Tex Avery, American cartoonist (d. 1980)
- February 26 - Jean-Pierre Wimille, French race car driver (d. 1949)
- February 29 - Balthus, French painter (d. 2001)
- February 29 - Dee Brown, American writer and historian (d. 2002)

March

- March 2 - Walter Bruch, German engineer (d. 1990)
- March 5 - Rex Harrison, English actor (d. 1990)
- March 7 - Anna Magnani, Italian actress (d. 1973)
- March 12 - Rita Angus, New Zealand painter (d. 1970)
- March 13 - Walter Annenberg, American publisher and philanthropist (d. 2002)
- March 17 - Brigitte Helm, German actress (d. 1996)
- March 20 - Sir Michael Redgrave, English actor (d. 1985)
- March 22 - Louis L'Amour, American author (d. 1988)
- March 25 - Helmut Käutner, German actor and director (d. 1980)
- March 25 - David Lean, English film director (d. 1991)
- March 29 - Arthur O'Connell, American actor (d. 1981)

April

- April 1 - Abraham Maslow, American psychologist (d. 1970)
- April 2 - Buddy Ebsen, American actor and dancer (d. 2003)
- April 5 - Bette Davis, American actress (d. 1989)
- April 5 - Herbert von Karajan, Austrian conductor (d. 1989)
- April 5 - Jagjivan Ram, Indian politician (d. 1986)
- April 6 - John P. Davies, American diplomat (d. 1999)
- April 7 - Percy Faith, Canadian-born composer, musician (d. 1976)
- April 15 - Eden Ahbez, American musician (d. 1995)
- April 20 - Lionel Hampton, American musician and bandleader (d. 2002)
- April 25 - Edward R. Murrow, American journalist (d. 1965)

May

- May 5 - Kurt Böhme, German bass (d. 1989)
- May 7 - Max Grundig, German inventor and industrialist (d. 1989)
- May 8 - Cristian Vasile, Romanian singer (d. 1974)
- May 19 - Percy Williams, Canadian athlete (d. 1982)
- May 20 - Jimmy Stewart, American actor (d. 1997)
- May 23 - John Bardeen, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)
- May 25 - Theodore Roethke, American poet (d. 1963)
- May 28 - Ian Fleming, English writer (d. 1964)
- May 30 - Hannes Alfvén, Swedish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995)
- May 30 - Mel Blanc, American voice actor (d. 1989)
- May 31 - Don Ameche, American actor (d. 1993)

June-July

- June 18 - Bud Collyer, American voice actor and game show host (d. 1969)
- June 21 - Yoon Bong-Gil, Korean resister against Japanese occupation of Korea (d. 1932)
- June 24 - Hugo Distler, German composer (d. 1942)
- June 29 - Leroy Anderson, American composer (d. 1975)
- June 30 - Winston Graham, English writer (d. 2003)
- July 12 - Milton Berle, American comedian (d. 2002)
- July 25 - Bill Bowes, English cricketer (d. 1987)
- July 27 - Joseph Mitchell, American writer (d. 1996)

August-September

- August 4 - Kurt Eichhorn, German conductor (d. 1994)
- August 5 - Harold Holt, Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1967)
- August 5 - Mary Louise Miner, American Journalist (d. 1999)
- August 20 - Al Lopez, baseball player and manager (d. 2005)
- August 21 - M. M. Kaye, British writer (d. 2004)
- August 22 - Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer (d. 2004)
- August 27 - Sir Donald Bradman, Australian cricketer (d. 2001)
- August 27 - Lyndon Johnson, President of the United States (d. 1973)
- August 28 - Roger Tory Peterson, American naturalist, artist, and educator (d. 1996)
- August 30 - Leonor Fini, Argentine artist (d. 1996)
- September 3 - Lev Semenovich Pontryagin, Russian mathematician (d. 1988)
- September 6 - Louis Essen, English physicist (d. 1997)
- September 6 - Korczak Ziolkowski, American sculptor (d. 1982)
- September 7 - Paul Brown, American football coach (d. 1991)
- September 7 - Michael E. DeBakey, American physician
- September 13 - Mae Questel, American actress (d. 1998)
- September 15 - Penny Singleton, American actress (d. 2003)
- September 29 - Eddie Tolan, American athlete (d. 1967)
- September 30 - David Oistrakh, Ukrainian-born violinist (d. 1974)

October-December

- October 14 - Ruth Hale, American playwright and actress (d. 2003)
- October 14 - Allan Jones, American actor and singer (d. 1992)
- October 15 - John Kenneth Galbraith, Canadian economist
- October 16 - Enver Hoxha, dictator of Albania (d. 1985)
- October 19 - Sydney MacEwan, Scottish singer (d. 1990)
- October 19 - Geirr Tveitt, Norwegian composer (d. 1981)
- October 23 - Ilya Frank, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1990)
- October 25 - Edmond Pidoux, Swiss writer (d. 2004)
- November 2 - Fred Bakewell, English cricketer (d. 1983)
- November 4 - Józef Rotblat, Polish physicist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2005)
- November 12 - Harry Blackmun, American Judge (d. 1999)
- November 18 - Imogene Coca, American actress (d. 2001)
- November 20 - Alistair Cooke, English-born journalist (d. 2004)
- November 28 - Claude Lévi-Strauss, Belgian-born anthropologist
- December 4 - Alfred Hershey, American bacteriologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1997)
- December 6 - Pierre Graber, Swiss Federal Councilor (d. 2003)
- December 10 - Olivier Messiaen, French composer (d. 1992)
- December 11 - Elliot Carter, American composer
- December 17 - Willard Libby, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1980)
- December 31 - Simon Wiesenthal, Austrian Nazi-hunter (d. 2005)

Unknown date

- George Rodger, British photojournalist (d. 1995)
- Carl Stuart Hamblen, American musician and Presidential candidate

Deaths

- January 25 - Ouida, English writer (b. 1839)
- February 1 - King Charles of Portugal (b. 1863)
- April 20 - Henry Chadwick, English-born baseball writer and historian (b. 1824)
- April 22 - Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1836)
- May 26 - Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Punjabi founder of the Ahmadi sect (b. 1835)
- June 21 - Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Russian composer (b. 1844)
- June 24 - Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th President of the United States (b. 1837)
- July 5 - Jonas Lie, Norwegian author (b. 1833)
- July 10 - Phoebe Knapp, American hymn composer (b. 1839)
- July 20 - Demetrius Vikelas, Greek International Olympic Committee president (b. 1835)
- July 22 - William Randal Cremer, English politician and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1828)
- August 25 - Henri Becquerel, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)
- August 26 - Tony Pastor, American vaudeville and theater impresario (b. 1837)
- September 20 - Pablo de Sarasate, Spanish violinist and composer (b. 1844)
- October 30 - Caroline Astor, American socialite (b. 1830)
- November 14 - The Guangxu Emperor of China (b. 1871)
- November 15 - Empress Dowager Cixi, de facto ruler of China (b. 1835)

Marriages

- February 14 - Lee De Forest & Nora Stanton Blatch
- February 28 - King Ferdinand & Eleanor Reuss
- April 7 - Knud Kristensen & Else Christensen
- June 13 - Carl Sandburg & Lilian Steichen
- July 19 - Joe Jackson & Katherine Wynn
- August 6 - Roscoe Arbuckle & Minta Durfee
- August 8 - Ty Cobb & Charlotte Lombard
- August 30 - Harry Solter & Florence Lawrence
- September 12 - Winston Churchill & Clementine Churchill
- November 20 - Vilhelm Buhl & Thyra Schmidt
- November 25 - Will Rogers & Betty Blake
- December 22 - Sybil Thorndike & Lewis Casson

Nobel Prizes

- Physics - Gabriel Lippmann
- Chemistry - Ernest Rutherford
- Medicine - Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich
- Literature - Rudolf Christoph Eucken
- Peace - Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Fredrik Bajer Category:1908 ko:1908년 ms:1908 ja:1908年 simple:1908 th:พ.ศ. 2451

Switzerland

The Swiss Confederation or Switzerland (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica) is a landlocked federal republic in Europe, bordering Germany, France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein. The country has a strong tradition of political and military neutrality, but also of international cooperation, and is home to many international organisations. Confoederatio Helvetica is the Latin official name. The use of Latin avoids having to choose one of the four official languages. The abbreviation (CH) is similarly used; for example, it is used as Switzerland's ccTLD, .ch. The Latin title Confoederatio Helvetica means Helvetic Confederation. The titles commonly used in French, Italian and Romansh translate as Swiss Confederation, while the German name of Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft translates roughly as "Swiss Oath Fellowship" or "Swiss Commonwealth of the Covenant".

History

Switzerland is a federation of relatively autonomous cantons, some of which have a history of confederacy that goes back more than 700 years, arguably putting them among the world's oldest surviving republics. According to the popular legend, in 1291, representatives of the three forest cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden signed the Federal Charter. The charter united the involved parties in the struggle against foreign rule by the Habsburgs, who then held the German imperial throne of the Holy Roman Empire. At the Battle of Morgarten on November 15, 1315, the Swiss defeated the Habsburg army and secured quasi-independence as the Swiss Confederation. The authenticity of the Federal Charter is disputed, with many historians agreeing that it is in fact a forgery of the 14th century. By 1353, the three original cantons had been joined by the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the city states of Lucerne, Zürich and Berne, forming the "Old Federation" of eight states that persisted during much of the 15th century (although Zürich was expelled from the confederation during the 1440s due to a territorial conflict) and led to a significant increase of power and wealth of the federation, in particular due to the victories over Charles the Bold of Burgundy during the 1470s, and the success of the Swiss mercenaries. The traditional listing order of the cantons of Switzerland reflects this state, listing the eight "Old Cantons" first, with the city states preceding the founding cantons, followed by cantons that joined the federation after 1481, in historical order. The Swiss victory in a war against the Swabian League in 1499 amounted to de facto independence from the Holy Roman Empire. In 1506, Pope Julius II engaged the Swiss Guard that continues to serve the Vatican to the present day. The expansion of the federation, and the reputation of invincibility acquired during the earlier wars, suffered a first setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano. The success of Zwingli's Reformation in some cantons led to inter-cantonal wars in 1529 and 1531 (Kappeler Kriege). The conflict between Catholic and Protestant cantons persisted, erupting in further violence at the battles of Villmergen in 1656 and 1712. 1712] Under the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, European countries recognised Switzerland's independence from the Holy Roman Empire and its neutrality (ancien régime). In 1798, the armies of the French Revolution conquered Switzerland and imposed a new unified constitution. This centralised the government of the country and effectively abolished the cantons. The new regime was known as the Helvetic Republic and was highly unpopular. It had been imposed by a foreign invading army, had destroyed centuries of tradition, including the right to worship, and had made Switzerland nothing more than a French satellite state. Uprisings were common and only the presence of French troops kept them from succeeding. The brutal French suppression of the Nidwalden revolt in September was especially infamous. When war broke out between France and other countries Switzerland found itself being invaded by other outside forces from Austria and Russia. The Swiss were divided mainly between "Republicans" who were in favour of a centralised government, and "Federalists" who wanted to restore autonomy to the cantons. The violent conflict between both sides was never-ending. In Paris in 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte organised a meeting of the leading Swiss politicians from both sides. The result was the Act of Mediation which largely restored Swiss autonomy and introduced a Confederation of 19 Cantons. From then on much of Swiss politics would be about preserving the cantons' right to self-rule and the need for a central government. The Congress of Vienna in 1815 fully re-established Swiss independence and the European powers agreed to permanently recognise the Swiss neutrality. At this time, the territory of Switzerland was increased for the last time, by the new cantons of Valais, Neuchatel and Geneva. In 1847, a civil war broke out between the Catholic and the Protestant cantons (Sonderbundskrieg). Its immediate cause was a 'special treaty' (Sonderbund) of the Catholic cantons. The war lasted for less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties. Apart from small riots, this was the latest armed conflict on Swiss territory. As a consequence of the civil war, Switzerland adopted a federal constitution in 1848, amending it extensively in 1874 and establishing federal responsibility for defence, trade, and legal matters. In 1891, the constitution was revised with unusually strong elements of direct democracy, which remains unique even today. Since then, continued political, economic, and social improvement has characterised Swiss history. In 1920, Switzerland joined the League of Nations, and in 1963 the Council of Europe. Switzerland proclaimed neutrality in World War I and was not involved militarily in the conflict. Neutrality was again proclaimed in World War II, and although a German intervention was both planned and anticipated, it ultimately didn't occur. The massive mobilisation of Swiss armed forces under the leadership of General Henri Guisan is often cited as a decisive factor that the German invasion was never initiated. Modern historical findings, such as the research done by the Bergier commission, indicate that another major factor was the continued trade by Swiss banks with Nazi Germany. Bergier commission Women were granted the right to vote in the first cantons in 1959, at the federal level in 1971, in the last canton, Appenzell Innerrhoden, only in 1990. In 1979, parts of the canton of Berne attained independence, forming the new canton of Jura. On April 18, 1999 the Swiss population and the cantons voted in favour of a completely revised federal constitution. In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations, leaving the Vatican as the last widely recognised state without full UN membership. Switzerland is not a member state of the EU but applied for membership therein in May 1992. Switzerland has not advanced this application since the rejection, by referendum, of the European Economic Area in December 1992. However, Swiss law is gradually being adjusted to that of the EU and the government has signed a number of bilateral agreements with the European Union. Switzerland (together with Liechtenstein) has been surrounded by the EU since Austria's membership in 1995. On June 5, 2005, Swiss voters agreed, by a 55% majority, to join the Schengen treaty, a result that was welcomed by EU commentators as a sign of goodwill by a Switzerland that is traditionally perceived as isolationist.

Politics

Schengen treaty]] The bicameral Swiss parliament, the Federal Assembly, is the primary seat of power, apart from the Federal Council. Both houses, the Council of States and the National Council, have equal powers in all respects, including the right to introduce legislation. Under the 1999 constitution, cantons hold all powers not specifically delegated to the federation. The 46 members of the Council of States (two from each canton and one from former half cantons) are directly elected in each canton, whereas the 200 members of the National Council are elected directly under a system of proportional representation. Members of both houses serve for 4 years. Through referenda citizens may challenge any law voted by federal parliament and through initiatives introduce amendments to the federal constitution, making Switzerland a semi-direct democracy. The top executive body and collective Head of State is the Federal Council, a collegial body of seven members. Although the constitution provides that the Assembly elects and supervises the members of the Council, the latter (and its adminis