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Category:Haligonians

Category:Haligonians

Haligonians are people native to the city of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Category:People from Nova Scotia Category:Halifax, Nova Scotia Category:People by Canadian city

Halifax, Nova Scotia

Please read first: :Former Halifax, Nova Scotia pertaining to the amalgamated community of Halifax Regional Municipality has been moved to that article (see the discussion page for more information). ---- discussion page discussion page Halifax, founded in 1749, is a community and former city in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Halifax was the shire town of Halifax County and the provincial capital. In 1996 the provincial government amalgamated all municipalities in Halifax County into a single tier regional government named Halifax Regional Municipality, commonly referred to as HRM. While Halifax and its neighbouring city of Dartmouth and the town of Bedford were disincorporated at this time, the former city forms part of the urban core of the larger HRM and is labelled the "capital district." Rudyard Kipling paid homage to Halifax in his poem The Song of Cities: :: Into the mist my guardian prows put forth, ::Behind the mist my virgin ramparts lie, ::The Warden of the Honour of the North, ::Sleepless and veiled am I! Halifax was founded to counter French power in the remnants of Acadia, which included present-day New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton Island and the Gaspe Peninsula. A fortress town and naval base, Halifax rarely prospered except during conflict and war for most of its early history. Despite Halifax's status as the regional centre and provincial capital, the city rarely saw commercial or economic success during its early years. Halifax only began to benefit from a process of increased rural depopulation and corresponding urban growth in Atlantic Canada during the late 20th century - a demographic shift that was delayed several decades in the region compared with other parts of North America. Today the former city is the centre of HRM's urban core and is benefitting from increased cultural and economic diversity.

Geography

The original settlement of Halifax occupied a small stretch of land inside a palisade at the foot of Citadel Hill on the Halifax Peninsula, a sub-peninsula of the much larger Chebucto Peninsula that extends into Halifax Harbour. Halifax subsequently grew to incorporate all of the north, south, and west ends of the peninsula with a central business district concentrated in the southeastern end along "The Narrows". In 1969, the City of Halifax grew westward of the peninsula by amalgamating several communities from the surrounding Halifax County; namely Africville, Fairview, Rockingham, Spryfield, Purcell's Cove, and Armdale. These communities saw a number of modern subdivision developments during the late 1960s through to the 1990s, one of the earliest being the Clayton Park development at the southwestern edge of Rockingham. Since amalgamation into HRM, the name "Halifax" is increasingly used to refer to neighbourhoods on the Halifax Peninsula (ie. the pre-1969 city boundary), and to a much lesser extent, the post-1969 amalgamated parts of the county . Many of the communities that were amalgamated during the 1960s have reasserted their identities and have become for the most part part of the "Western" service delivery districts of HRM known as Mainland West or Mainland North. The peninsula, in addition to being referred to as "Halifax," is officially referred to as the "Central" or "Capital District." Main article: Halifax Regional Municipality

Present Day Neighbourhoods

- Downtown Halifax
- Historic Properties
- North End Halifax
- Quinpool district
- South End Halifax
- Spring Garden
- Armdale
- Clayton Park
- Rockingham
- Fairview
- Herring Cove
- Purcell's Cove
- Spryfield

Historic Neighbourhoods

- Africville
- Richmond
- The Dutch Village

Military

Halifax was founded as a military town. From the construction of the Halifax Citadel as a counterpoint to the French fortress at Louisbourg, to the Royal Navy's largest dockyard in the Western Hemisphere, the history of the city is intertwined with story of the British Imperial forces in North America and the North Atlantic. Following British victory against France in the Seven Years War, the colony of Nova Scotia grew to take in all of the former territories of Acadia and became known as the "14th Colony" (see 13 Colonies). The immense presence of the Royal Navy as well as regular army and colonial militia in the colony and capital city of Halifax is often pointed as being the reason for Nova Scotia (ie. the Maritimes) not joining its colonial neighbours to the south in revolting against Britain during the American Revolutionary War. Halifax was first and foremost a naval base for the British, and for the better part of two centuries it remained the most heavily fortified city in North America, boasting dozens of forts and defensive works, many of which can still be seen today such as the Halifax Citadel. Because of it's strategic position on the Atlantic coast, and it's inherent military nature, Halifax was a city built for war, and played a role in every major conflict participated in by the British and later the Candian Governments. During these conflicts the Economy of Halifax would see huge growth, however, when peace returned, many people would leave the city to find work elsewhere. Halifax boasts the second largest natural harbour in the world behind Sydney, Australia, and was an integral part of the "North Atlanic Quadrangle" which was a set of four strategic British Naval bases on the Atlantic ocean which allowed for the resupply, repair, and refueling of British Naval ships, and allowed them to mainain their Global Empire. Due to this distiction, Halifax is often called the "Warden of the North." Major conflicts in which Halifax played a major role included: Seven Years War, American Revolution, Napoleonic Wars, War of 1812, Boer War, World War I and World War II. Halifax is home to such historic sites as the "Halifax Defence Complex" which includes the Prince of Wales Tower and Fort Ogilvie in Point Pleasant Park, the Halifax Citadel (formally known as Fort George), and the sites of Fort Needham in the north end and Fort Massy in the south end, as well as the defensive works at Georges Island immediately offshore from the downtown. The city and its port also played an important role in more recent conflicts, staging Canadian troops and supplies destined for the Boer War, First World War, Second World War, Korean War, Cold War and numerous peacekeeping and humanitarian missions that military forces have participated in. Halifax's dependency on the military continues to this day as the city's largest single employer is CFB Halifax, which is also the largest naval base in Canada and the nation's largest military base in terms of the number of personnel. It is the headquarters for Maritime Forces Atlantic, Canada's east coast fleet.

History

Maritime Forces Atlantic

Pre-European History

The Mi'kmaq called the area Jipugtug (anglicized as "Chebucto"), which means "the biggest harbour". There is evidence that bands would spend the summer on the shores of the Bedford Basin, moving to points inland before the harsh Atlantic winter set in. Examples of Mikmaq habitation and burial sites have been found throughout Halifax, from Point Pleasant Park to the north and south mainland.

Acadian Period

Chebucto did not have a sizable permanent Acadian settlement, the nearest being the settlements of Minas (later Windsor) and Pizquid. French warships and fishing vessles, requiring shelter and a place to draw water certainly visited the harbour, however France's strategic focus on protecting its Louisiana Territory and New France left Acadia with little to no investment or resources. The territory, which included much of the present-day Maritimes and Gaspé Peninsula, passed from French to English and even Scottish hands several times. In the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, Acadia was relinquished to England, however the boundaries of the ceasefire were imprecise, leaving England with what is today peninsular Nova Scotia, and France with control of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The colonial capital chosen was Annapolis Royal. In 1720, France began a 20-year effort to build a large fortified seaport at Louisbourg on present-day Cape Breton Island. In 1745, Fortress Louisbourg fell to a New England-led force. In 1746 Admiral Jean-Batiste, De Roye de la Rochefoucauld, Duc d'Anville, was dispatched by the King of France in command of a French Armada of 20 warships, 32 transports and 21 smaller auxiliary vessels. He was ordered to take his 3,000 troops and 10,000 naval hands and retake Louisbourg for France, then conquer Annapolis Royal, and proceed to harass and bombard Boston and New York. The fleet was to meet in Chebucto (Halifax Harbour) on British-held peninsular Nova Scotia after crossing the Atlantic, take water and proceed to Louisbourg. Unfortunately, two major storms kept the fleet at sea for over three months. Poor water and spoiled food further weakened the exhausted fleet, resulting in the death of at least 2,500 men, including Duc d'Anville himself, by the time it arrived at Chebucto. After a series of calamities the fleet returned to France, its mission unfulfilled. For decades after, the skeletal remains of the desperate, despairing French soldiers and sailors were reportedly found on the shores and in the woods around Halifax by later settlers and their descendents. The ghost of Duc d'Anville is said to haunt George's Island, his burial place, to this day.

English Settlement

Between the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 and 1749, no serious attempts were made by Great Britain to colonize Nova Scotia, aside from its presence at Annapolis Royal and infrequent sea and land patrols. The peninsula was dominated by Acadian residents and the need for a permanent settlement and British military presence on the central Atlantic coast of peninsular Nova Scotia was recognized, but it took the negotiated return of Fortress Louisbourg to France in 1748 to prod Britain into action. British General Edward Cornwallis was dispatched by the Lords of Trade and Plantations to establish a city at Chebucto, on behalf of and at the expense of the Crown. Cornwallis sailed in command of 13 transports, a sloop of war, 1,176 settlers and their families. Halifax was founded on July 9, 1749 below a glacial drumlin that would later be named Citadel Hill. The outpost was named in honour of George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, who was the President of the British Board of Trade. Halifax was ideal for a military base, as it has what is claimed to be the second largest natural harbour in the world (this is contested by many locations - see largest harbours), and could be well protected with batteries at McNab's Island, the North West Arm, Point Pleasant, George's Island and York Redoubt. In its early years, Citadel Hill was used as a command and observation post, prior to changes in artillery which could range out into the harbour. During the early 1700s, Nova Scotia was considered a hardship posting for the British military, given the proximity to the border with French territory and potential for conflict; the local environment was also very inhospitable and many early settlers were ill-suited for the colony's virgin wilderness on the shores of Halifax Harbour. The original settlers, who were often discharged soldiers and sailors, left the colony for established cities such as New York and Boston or the lush plantations of the Virginias and Carolinas. The military threat to Nova Scotia was removed following British victory over France in the Seven Years War. With the addition of remaining territories of the colony of Acadia, the enlarged British colony of Nova Scotia was mostly depopulated, following the deportation of Acadian residents. In addition, Britain was unwilling to allow its residents to emigrate, this being at the dawn of their Industrial Revolution, thus Nova Scotia was opened up settlement to "foreign Protestants". The region, including its new capital of Halifax, saw a modest immigration boom comprising Germans, Dutch, New Englanders, residents of Martinique and many other areas. In addition to the surnames of many present-day residents of Halifax who are descended from these settlers, an enduring name in the city is the "Dutch Village Road", which led from the "Dutch Village", located in Fairview.

The American Revolution & After

Halifax's fortunes waxed and waned with the military needs of the Empire. While it had quickly become the largest Royal Navy base on the Atlantic coast and had hosted large numbers of British army regulars, the complete destruction of Louisbourg in 1760 removed the threat of French attack. With the removal of this threat, so too was removed the reason for Halifax's founding. The navy sailed to where it was needed, Crown interest in Halifax was reduced, and most importantly, New England turned its eyes west, to the French territory now available due to the defeat of Montcalm at the Plains of Abraham. By the mid 1770s the town was in dire straits. The American Revolutionary War was not uppermost in the minds of most residents of Halifax. The government did not have enough money to pay for oil for the Sambro lighthouse. The militia was unable to maintain a guard, and was disbanded. Provisions were so scarce during the winter of 1775 that Quebec had to send flour to feed the town. While Halifax was remote from the troubles in the rest of the American colonies, martial law was declared in November 1775 to combat growing lawlessness. The colony stumbled along, not quite caught up in the affairs of the rest of the continent, until 1776. 1776 On March 30, 1776, General William Howe arrived, having been driven from Boston by rebel forces. He brought with him 200 officers, 3000 men, and over 4,000 loyalist refugees, and demanded housing and provisions for all. This was merely the beginning of Halifax's role in the war. Throughout the conflict, and for a considerable time afterwards, thousands more refugees, often 'in a destitute and helpless condition' had arrived in Halifax or other ports in Nova Scotia. This would peak with the evacuation of New York, and continue until well after the formal conclusion of war in 1783. At the instigation of the newly-arrived Loyalists who desired greater local control, Britain subdivided Nova Scotia in 1784 with the creation of the colonies of New Brunswick and Cape Breton Island; this had the effect of considerably dilluting Halifax's presence over the region. During the American Revolution, Halifax became the staging point of many attacks on rebel-controlled areas in the Thirteen Colonies, and was the city to which British forces from Boston and New York were sent after the over-running of those cities. After the War, tens of thousands of United Empire Loyalists from the American Colonies flooded Halifax, and many of their descendants still reside in the city today. Despite the changes caused by the American Revolution, Halifax did not grow considerably until the beginning of what would become known as the Napoleonic Wars. By 1794, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, was sent to take comand of Nova Scotia. Many of the cities forts were designed by him, and he left an indelable mark on the city in the form of many public buildings of Georgian architecture, and a dignified British feel to the city itself. It was during this time that Halifax truly became a city. Many landmarks and institutions were built during his tenure, from the town clock on Citadel Hill to St. George's Round Church, fortifications in the Halifax Defence Complex were built up, businesses established, and the population boomed. Though the Duke left in 1800, the city continued to experience considerable investment throughout the Napoleonic Wars and War of 1812. Although Halifax was never attacked during the war of 1812, due to the overwhelming military presence in the city, many Naval battles occured just outside the harbour including a very dramatic battle which saw the American ship Chesapeake taken by the British Frigate Shannon, and brought back to Halifax as a prize. As well, an invasion force which attacked Washington in 1813, and burned the Capitol and White House was sent from Halifax. Early in the War, an expedition under Lord Dalhousie left Halifax to capture the Area of Castile, Maine, which they held for the entirety of the war. The revenues which were taken from this invasion were used after the war to found Dalhousie University which is today Halifax's largest University. Saint Mary's University was founded in 1802, originally as an elementary school. Saint Mary's was upgraded to a college following the establishment of Dalhousie in 1818; both were initially located in the downtown central business district before relocating to the then-outskirts of the city in the south end near the Northwest Arm. Separated by only few minutes walking distance, the two schools now enjoy a friendly rivalry. Government House was built to house the governor, and Province House was built to house the House of Assembly. During the 1800s Halifax became the birthplace of two of Canada's largest banks; local financial institutions included the Halifax Banking Company, Union Bank of Halifax, People's Bank of Halifax, Bank of Nova Scotia, and the Merchants' Bank of Halifax, making the city one of the most important financial centers in colonial British North America and later Canada until the beginning of the 20th century. This position was somewhat rivalled by neighbouring Saint John, New Brunswick where that city's Princess Street laid claim to being the "Wall Street of Canada" during the city's economic hey-day in the mid-19th century. Having played a key role to maintain and expand British power in North America and elsewhere during the 18th century, Halifax played minor roles in the consolidation of the British Empire during the 19th century. The port aided challenges to British North America during the War of 1812, whereby British troops and sailors staged raids on Baltimore and Washington, D.C. and Nova Scotian privateers preyed on American shipping. Nova Scotian and Maritimers were recruited through Halifax for the Crimean War, and the port played a minor role during the American Civil War, offering refuge and supplies to Confederate naval vessels. The port also saw Canada's first overseas military deployment as a nation to aid the British Empire during the Boer War.

Incorporation, Responsible Government, Railways and Confederation

Boer War Later considered a great Nova Scotian leader, and the father of responsible government in British North America, it was the cause of self government for the city of Halifax that began the political career of Joseph Howe and would subsequently lead to this form of accountability being brought to colonial affairs for the colony of Nova Scotia. After election to the House of Assembly as leader of the Liberal party, one of his first acts was the incorporation of the City of Halifax in 1842, followed by the direct election of civic politicians by Haligonians. Halifax became a hotbed of political activism as the winds of responsible government swept British North America during the 1840s, following the rebellions against oligarchies in the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada. The first instance of responsible government in the British Empire was achieved by the colony of Nova Scotia in January-February 1848 through the efforts of Howe. The leaders of the fight for responsible or self-government later took up the Anti-Confederation fight, the movement that from 1868 to 1875 tried to take Nova Scotia out of Confederation. During the 1850s, Howe was a heavy promoter of railway technology, having been a key instigator in the founding of the Nova Scotia Railway, which ran from Richmond in the city's north end to the Minas Basin at Windsor and to Truro and on to Pictou on the Northumberland Strait. In the 1870s Halifax became linked by rail to Moncton and Saint John through the Intercolonial Railway and on into Quebec and New England, not to mention numerous rural areas in Nova Scotia. The American Civil War again saw much activity and prosperity in Halifax. Merchants in the city made huge profits selling supplies and arms to both sides of the conflict, and Confederate ships often called on the port to take on supplies, and make repairs. One such ship, the Tallahassee, became a legend in Halifax as it made a daring escape from six Federal frigates which were waiting to capture it just outside the harbour. After the American Civil War, the five colonies which made up British North America, Ontario, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, held meetings to consider Uniting into a single country. This was due to a threat of annexation and invasion from the United States. Canadian Confederation became a reality in 1867, but recieved much resistance from the merchant classes of Halifax, and from many prominent Halifax politicians due to the fact that both Halifax and Nova Scotia were at the time very wealthy, held trading ties with Boston and New York which would be damaged, and did not see the need for the Colony to give up it's comparative independance. After confederation Halifax retained it's British military Base, and was not overseen by the Canadian military until 1906. New Brunswick

World War I & II and the Halifax Explosion

For additional information see the main article Halifax Explosion.
However it was during the First and Second World Wars that Halifax would truly come into its own as a world class port and naval facility. The strategic location of the port with its protective waters of Bedford Basin sheltered convoys from German U-boat attack prior to heading into the open Atlantic Ocean. Halifax's railway connections and port facilities became vital to the British war effort during the First World War as Canada's industrial centres churned out materiel for the Western Front. During the Second World War, Halifax became a lifeline for preserving Britain during the Nazi onslaught of the Battle of Britain and the Battle of the Atlantic, the supplies helping to off-set a threatened amphibious invasion by Germany. In 1914, Halifax began playing a major role in the First World War, both as the depature point for Canadian Soldiers heading overseas, and as an assembly point for all convoys (a responsibility which would be placed on the city again during WW2). The war was seen as a blessing for the city's economy, but in 1917 a French Munitions ship "the Montblanc," collided with a Belgian relief ship "the Imo." The collision sparked a fire on the munitions ship which was filled with TNT, and gun cotton. On Dec. 6th 1917, at 9:00am the munitions ship exploded in what was the largest manmade explosion before Hiroshima, and is still one of the largest non-nuclear manmade explosion. The Halifax explosion decimated the city's north end, killing almost 3000 inhabitants, injuring 9000, and leaving 30 000 homeless. The following day a blizzard hit the city, crippling recovery efforts. Immediate help rushed in from the rest of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland. In the following week more relief from other parts of North America arrived and donations were sent from around the world. The most celebrated effort came from the Boston Red Cross and the Massachusetts Public Safety Committee; as an enduring thank-you, for the past 30 years the province of Nova Scotia has donated the annual Christmas tree lit on the Boston Common. Halifax once again played a key role in the Allied war effort of World War II. The only theatre of War to be commanded by a Canadian was the North Western Atlantic, commanded by the Admiral in Halifax. Boston Common

Post-war

The 1960s-1990s saw less suburban sprawl than in many comparable Canadian cities in the areas surrounding Halifax. This was partly as a result of local geographies and topography (Halifax is extremely hilly with exposed granite not conducive to construction), a weaker regional and local economy, and a smaller population base than, for example, central Canada or New England. There were also deliberate local government policies to limit not only suburban growth but also some growth in the central business district resulting from heritage advocates. During the 1960s the Black community of Africville was demolished and its residents displaced to clear land for industrial use as well as for the A. Murray MacKay Bridge. The repercussions continue to this day and a 2001 United Nations report has called for reparations be paid to the community's former residents. Restrictions on development were relaxed somewhat during the 1990s, resulting in some suburban sprawl off the peninsula. Today Halifax is more compact than most Canadian urban areas although expanses of suburban growth have occurred in neighbouring Dartmouth, Bedford and Sackville. One development in the late 1990s was the Bayers Lake Business Park, where warehouse style retailers were permitted to build in a suburban industrial park west of Rockingham. This has become an important yet controversial centre of commerce for the city and the province. In the past few years, urban sprawl has even reached this area. What was once a business park surrounded by forest and a highway on one side has become a large suburb with numerous new apartment buildings and condominiums. Another element which has brought the city forward and kept it vibrant is the strong music scene. Halifax has consistently churned out talented musical acts, including such notable groups as Sloan, The Nellis Complex, Thrush Hermit, Christina Clark, and Matt Mays.

Amalgamation

Sloan During the 1990s, Halifax like many other Canadian cities, amalgamated with its suburbs under a single municipal government. The provincial government had sought to reduce the number of municipal governments throughout the province as a cost-saving measure and created a task force in 1992 to pursue this rationalization. In 1995, an Act to Incorporate the Halifax Regional Municipality received Royal Assent in the provincial legislature and the HRM was created on April 1, 1996 by amalgamating all municipal governments in Halifax County (the neighbouring cities of Halifax and Dartmouth, town of Bedford, and Municipality of the County of Halifax). Sable Island is also considered to be jurisdictionally part of HRM, despite being located 180 km offshore. The population of HRM is 359,111 according to the 2001 census, making it Canada's 13th largest population centre. Although cities in other provinces affected by amalgamation retained their original names, the new municipality is often referred to as "HRM" especially in the media and by residents of areas outside of the former city of Halifax.

External links

- [http://www.halifax.ca/ Halifax Regional Municipality]
- [http://www.halifolks.cjb.net Halifax Online Community]
- [http://www.halifaxwebcam.ca Halifax Webcam]

Footnotes

- Thomas Raddall, Warden of the North.
- Chapter 3: Dr. Thomas B. Akins, History of Halifax City, p. 85.

References

- Akins, Thomas B., '[http://www.archive.org/details/historyofhalifax00akinuoft History of Halifax]', 1895.
- Landrey, Peter, [http://www.blupete.com/ Bluepete Historical Essays].
- Category:HRM communities

Nova Scotia

Nova Scotia (Latin for New Scotland; Gaelic:Alba Nuadh; French: Nouvelle-Écosse; Mi'kmaq: Gespogwitg; German: Neuschottland) is a Canadian province located on Canada's south eastern coast. It is the most populous province in Maritimes, and its capital, the Halifax Regional Municipality, is the economic and cultural center of the region. Nova Scotia is the second smallest province in Canada, with an area of only 55,284 km², but its population of 937,889[http://gov.ns.ca/finance/statistics/agency/index.asp] Nova Scotians (or, less formally, Bluenosers) makes it the seventh most populous province. Nova Scotia's economy continues to be largely resource based, but has in recent years become more diverse. Traditional industries such as fishing, mining, forestry and agriculture remain very important, and have been joined by tourism, technology, film production, music and other cultural industries. The territory now known as Nova Scotia was home to the Mi'kmaq when the first European settlers arrived. In 1604, French settlers estabished the first permanent settlement north of Florida at Port Royal, founding what would become known as Acadia. The British Empire obtained control of the region between 1713 and 1760, and established the new capital at Halifax in 1749. Nova Scotia was one of the founding four provinces to join Confederation with Canada in 1867.

History

Paleo-Indians camped at locations in present-day Nova Scotia approximately 11,000 years ago. Archaic Indians are believed to have been present in the area between 1,000 and 5,000 years ago. Mi'kmaq, the First Nations of the province and region, are their direct descendants. The explorer John Cabot visited present-day Cape Breton in 1497. The first European settlement in Nova Scotia was established by French lead by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Monts. They established the first capital for the colony Acadia at Port Royal in 1604 at the head of the Annapolis Basin. In 1620, the Plymouth Council for New England, under James I of England/James VI of Scotland designated the whole shorelines of Acadia and the Mid-Atlantic colonies south to the Chesapeake Bay as New England. In the latter 1620s, a group of Scots was sent by Charles I of England and Scotland to set up the colony of 'Nova Scotia'. (The Latin appellation was so stated in Sir William Alexander's 1621 land grant.) However owing to the signing of a peace treaty with France, the territory was given to the French and the Scots ordered to abandon their mission before their colony had been properly established. The French took control of the Mi'kmaq and other First Nations territory. In 1654, King Louis XIV of France appointed aristocrat Nicholas Denys as Governor of Acadia and granted him the confiscated lands and the right to all its minerals. British colonists captured Acadia in the course of King William's War but Britain returned it to France at the peace settlement. It was recaptured in the course of Queen Anne's War and its conquest confirmed in the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713. France retained possession of Île St Jean (Prince Edward Island) and Île Royale (Cape Breton Island) on which it established a fortress at Louisbourg to guard the sea approaches to Quebec. This fortress was captured by American colonial forces, then of returned by the British to France, then ceded again after the French and Indian War. Thus mainland Nova Scotia became a British colony in 1713, although Samuel Vetch had a precarious hold on the territory as governor from the fall of Acadian Port-Royal (Annapolis Royal) in October 1710. British governing officials became increasingly concerned over the unwillingness of the French-speaking, Catholic Acadians, who were the majority of colonists, to pledge allegiance to the British Crown, then George II. The colony remained mostly Acadian despite the settlement of a large number of mostly German foreign Protestants along the South Shore in 1750. In 1755, the British forcibly expelled the Acadians in what became known as the Great Expulsion. The colony's jurisdiction changed during this time. Nova Scotia was granted a supreme court in 1754 with the appointment of Jonathan Belcher and a legislative assembly in 1758. In 1763 Cape Breton Island became part of Nova Scotia. In 1769, St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) became a separate colony. The county of Sunbury was created in 1765, and included all of the territory of current day New Brunswick and eastern Maine as far as the Penobscot River. In 1784 the western, mainland portion of the colony was separated and became the province of New Brunswick, and the territory in Maine entered the control of the state of Massachusetts. Cape Breton became a separate colony from 1784 to 1820, when it was again joined to Nova Scotia. 1820 Ancestors of more than half of present-day Nova Scotians arrived in the period following the Acadian Expulsion. Approximately 30,000 United Empire Loyalists (American Tories) settled in Nova Scotia (when it comprised present-day Maritime Canada) following the defeat of the British in the American Revolutionary War. Approximately 3,000 of this group were slaves of African ancestry, about a third of which soon relocated themselves to Sierra Leone in 1792. Large numbers of Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots emigrated to Cape Breton and the western portion of the mainland during the late 18th century and 19th century. About one thousand Ulster Scots settled in mainly central Nova Scotia during this time, as did just over a thousand farming migrants from Yorkshire and Northumberland between 1772 and 1775. Nova Scotia was the first colony in British North America and in the British Empire to achieve responsible government in January-February 1848 and become self-governing through the efforts of Joseph Howe. Pro-Confederate premier Charles Tupper led Nova Scotia into the Canadian Confederation in 1867, along with New Brunswick, Quebec, and the Province of Canada. Nova Scotica was the first Province in Canada to vie for independence from Canada. In the Provincial election of 1868, the Anti-Confederation Party won 18 out of 19 Federal seats, and 35 out of 38 seats in the provincial legislature. For seven years, William Annand and Joseph Howe led the ultimately unsuccessful fight to convince British Imperial authorities to release Nova Scotia from Confederation. The government was vocally against Confederation, contending that it was no more than the annexation of the Province to the pre-existing province of Canada: :"the scheme [confederation with Canada] by them assented to would, if adopted, deprive the people [of Nova Scotia] of the inestimable privilege of self-government, and of their rights, liberty, and independence, rob them of their revenue, take from them the regulation of trade and taxation, expose them to arbitrary taxation by a legislature over which they have no control, and in which they would possess but a nominal and entirely ineffective representation; deprive them of their invaluable fisheries, railroads, and other property, and reduce this hitherto free, happy, and self-governed province to a degraded condition of a servile dependency of Canada."(Excerpted from the Address to the Crown by the Government, from the Journal of the House of Assembly, Province of Nova Scotia, 1868) A motion passed by the Nova Scotia House of Assembly in 1868 refusing to recognize the legitimacy of Confederation has never been rescinded. Nova Scotia flags flew at half mast on Canada Day as late as the 1920s, at the end of the Maritime Rights Movement. See also individual articles on Nova Scotia history.

Geography

Nova Scotia history The province's mainland is a peninsula, connected to mainland North America by the Isthmus of Chignecto, and surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, including numerous bays and estuaries. Cape Breton Island, a large island to the northeast of the Nova Scotian mainland, is also part of the province, as is Sable Island, a small island notorious for its shipwrecks, approximately 175 km (95 nm)from the province's southern coast. Nova Scotia is Canada's second smallest province in area (after Prince Edward Island), and no point in Nova Scotia is more than 56 km from the sea. See also individual articles on Nova Scotia geography and below for a map.

Ten Largest Municipalities

Map

image:Ns-map.png

Demographics

Population

Nova Scotia is the seventh most populated province in Canada with an estimated 937,889 residents as of July 1, 2005. It accounts for 3% of the population of Canada. The population density is approximately 17 persons/km². Roughly 60% of the population live in rural parts of the province. In about 1861, the population was about 331 000 people and the population of Halifax alone was 29 580.

Employment

Unemployment is at just under 8% of the work force, as of May 2005.

Per capita income

Per capita income is just over $30,000 (Can), of which just over $19,000 is disposable.

Gross Domestic Product

Nova Scotia GDP is presently approximately $29 billion (Can) annually.

National and ethnic origins

According to the most recent federal government census conducted in 2001, 95.4% of Nova Scotians are Canadian born. Of the 4.6% of Nova Scotia residents who had immigrated to Canada, 45% per cent of immigrants were from Asia; 29.3% were from Europe (excluding the United Kingdom); 21.9%, the Middle East; 11.8%, the United States; and 6.8%, the United Kingdom. In the same census, 50.7% of Nova Scotians indicated that their single ethnic origin to be "Canadian", which are mostly made of up of British, Irish and French ancestries. 30.8% indicated it to be "British and Irish"; 7.2%, "European"; 5.5%, "French"; 2.1%, "Black"; 1.9%, "Aboriginal Canadian"; 0.6%, "Arab/West Asian"; 0.4%, "Chinese"; 0.4% "South Asian". Each other category - "Filipino", "Japanese", "Korean", "Latin American", "Southeast Asian", and "Visible minority, n.i.e." - accounts for less than 0.2% of the population makeup. (Statistics source: The statistics presented here were obtained from the [http://www.gov.ns.ca/finance/statistics/agency/index.asp Government of Nova Scotia's statistics website].)

Other facts

South Asian features the schooner Bluenose.]] Nova Scotia is in the Atlantic Standard Time zone. The Bluenose, which appears on the back of the Canadian ten-cent piece (dime) and current Nova Scotia license plate was built in Lunenburg, a town on the South Shore. 500–1000 Nova Scotians today are fluent in Scottish Gaelic. In 2004, Nova Scotia voted to invite Turks and Caicos Islands to join the province, should these Caribbean islands ever become part of Canada. This would bypass the problems with admitting Turks and Caicos as a separate province. In November 1761, a furious storm sent the merchant ship Auguste to its doom, taking with it 114 souls bound for France, and all of their earthly possessions. One of seven survivors, Monsieur St. Luc de la Corne, made an epic trek of almost one-thousand miles in the dead of a Canadian winter back to his family in Montreal. Almost 250 years later, what is left of the Auguste and her valuable cargo of gold and silver lies on the bottom of Cape Breton's Aspy Bay, in the Canadian Province of Nova Scotia. Underwater explorer, Joe Amaral, and his team have sifted through the sands of Aspy Bay looking for treasure and answers to what really happened during this devastating shipwreck. So far, they have found several cannon, lead sheathing from repairs to the ship, a few coins, and a spoon.

External links

- [http://www.gov.ns.ca/ Government of Nova Scotia]
- [http://novascotia.com Government of Nova Scotia's official tourism]
- [http://www.novatrails.com Nova Scotia hiking & tourism info]
- [http://explorens.com Explore Nova Scotia tourism info]
- [http://www.novascotialife.com Nova Scotia Come To Life]
- [http://www.courts.ns.ca Courts of Nova Scotia]
- Category:Former British colonies Category:Scottish colonies Category:Peninsulas ko:노바스코샤 주 ja:ノバスコシア州 simple:Nova Scotia zh-min-nan:Nova Scotia

Category:People from Nova Scotia

This is a category listing people from the province of Nova Scotia, Canada about whom articles have been written in the encyclopedia. NOTE: Many of these articles are listed under one of the sub-categories listed directly below and NOT at the bottom of this page. Nova Scotia Category:Nova Scotia

External links

Blupete with on-line biographies of individuals involved in pre-Confederation Acadia and Nova Scotia for the years:
- [http://www.blupete.com/Hist/BiosNS/1800-67/List.htm#top 1800-1867]
- [http://www.blupete.com/Hist/BiosNS/1764-00/List.htm 1764-1800]
- [http://www.blupete.com/Hist/BiosNS/1700-63/List.htm 1700-1763]
- [http://www.blupete.com/Hist/BiosNS/1600-00/List.htm 1600-1700]

Category:Halifax, Nova Scotia

Category:Cities in Nova Scotia Category:Nova Scotia

Roy Moore

Roy Stuart Moore (born February 11, 1947) is an American jurist often referred to as the "Ten Commandments" judge. On 14 November 2003, was removed from his post as Chief Justice of Alabama by a unanimous decision of the nine member state Court of the Judiciary. The Court found that he had "willfully and publicly" flouted a court order to remove a monument from the rotunda of the state judicial building, placing himself in contempt of the federal court which had ordered the removal, and thereby breaking his oath of office. Roy Moore and his supporters regard his defiant stand as a defense of States' Rights, the Constitution of Alabama, and an act of interposition analagous to the actions of James Madison and Thomas Jefferson in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. Opponents, meanwhile, contend that Moore's actions blurred the line between separation of church and state. Moore is a controversial figure in Alabama, highly regarded and supported by some conservative Christians but considered by other Alabamians to be seeking media attention for personal and political gain. He has announced he will seek the Governorship of Alabama in 2006.

Pre-judicial career

Born in Etowah County, Alabama in 1947, Moore attended the public schools, graduating in 1965 from Etowah County High School. Upon graduation, he was immediately admitted to the United States Military Academy at West Point, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1969. With the Vietnam conflict reaching its peak, Lt. Moore first served in several posts as a military police officer, including at Ft. Riley, Kansas, and in Illesheim, Germany. He was then sent to Vietnam, where he saw combat as a company commander. Moore retired from the U.S. Army as a captain in 1974, and was admitted to the University of Alabama School of Law that same year, graduating with a Juris Doctorate degree in 1977.

Judicial career

In 1992, Moore was appointed to replace Julius Swann, Circuit Judge, Place Number One of the Alabama Sixteenth Judicial Circuit in Gadsden, Alabama, who had died in office. In 1994 Moore defeated well-known trial lawyer R. D. Pitts to win the seat outright. In 1995, still serving as circuit judge, Moore was sued by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) for displaying a copy of the Ten Commandments in his court, and for opening court sessions with prayer. In at least one instance, Judge Moore asked a clergyman to lead the court's jury pool in prayer. In 2000, Moore leveraged the attention he gained in the ACLU dispute by running for the post of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama. His campaign promised to "restore the moral foundation of law." He was elected Chief Justice in November 2000. In 2001, in the middle of the night of 31 July, Moore installed a 5,300-pound granite monument to the Ten Commandments in the central rotunda of the Alabama state judicial building. The event was recorded, and proceeds from the sale of the videotape were used to raise money for a charity he supported.

Federal suit

On Tuesday 30 October 2001, the ACLU of Alabama, Americans United for Separation of Church and State and Southern Poverty Law Center were among groups which filed suit in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama, asking that the monument be removed because it "sends a message to all who enter the State Judicial Building that the government encourages and endorses the practice of religion in general and Judeo-Christianity in particular." Evidence included testimony that lawyers of different religious beliefs had changed their work practices, including routinely avoiding visiting the court building to avoid passing by the monument, and testimony that the monument created a religious atmosphere, with many people using the area for prayer. Moore argued that he would not remove the monument, as doing so would violate his oath of office. Moore further claimed that the 10 Commandments are the moral basis of U.S. law.

Judgement and appeal

Federal U.S. District Judge Myron Thompson ruled the monument an unconstitutional endorsement of religion by the government. The case was appealed to the Eleventh Circuit, [http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/ops/200216708.pdf the decision (PDF)] of which, in part, reads:

The Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court installed a two and one half-ton monument to the Ten Commandments as the centerpiece of the rotunda in the Alabama State Judicial Building. He did so in order to remind all Alabama citizens of, among other things, his belief in the sovereignty of the Judeo-Christian God over both the state and the church. And he rejected a request to permit a monument displaying a historically significant speech in the same space on the grounds that "[t]he placement of a speech of any man alongside the revealed law of God would tend in consequence to diminish the very purpose of the Ten Commandments monument."

After taking office he hung a hand-carved, wooden plaque depicting the Ten Commandments behind the bench in his courtroom and routinely invited clergy to lead prayer at jury organizing sessions....

Every fourth grader in the state is brought on a tour of the building as part of a field trip to the state capital. No one who enters the building through the main entrance can miss the monument. It is in the rotunda, directly across from the main entrance, in front of a plate-glass window with a courtyard and waterfall behind it. After entering the building, members of the public must pass through the rotunda to access the public elevator or stairs, to enter the law library, or to use the public restrooms.

Moore answered yes to these questions:
- [W]as your purpose in putting the Ten Commandments monument in the Supreme Court rotunda to acknowledge GOD’s law and GOD’s sovereignty?
- Do you agree that the monument, the Ten Commandments monument, reflects the sovereignty of GOD over the affairs of men?
- And the monument is also intended to acknowledge God’s overruling power over the affairs of men, would that be correct?
- [W]hen you say “GOD” you mean GOD of the Holy Scripture? Moore also said, "there is no morality without God" on Sean Hannity's talk show. The Appeals Court upheld the earlier decision and returned the matter to the lower court for enforcement, which was initiated with a court order requiring that the monument to be removed.

Aftermath

Moore refused to remove the monument as ordered, and allowed the time limit for removal to expire. The state of Alabama then faced fines of $5,000 a day until the monument was removed. The eight other members of the Alabama Supreme Court intervened, unanimously overruled Moore, and then ordered the monument's removal. Because of the monument's weight, worries that the monument could break through the floor if it was taken outside intact, and a desire to avoid confrontation with protesters massed outside the building, the monument was put into storage within the building. Moore was then suspended as Chief Justice (with full pay) pending a hearing of the Alabama Court of the Judiciary (a panel of judges, lawyers and others appointed variously by judges, legal leaders, the governor and the lieutenant governor). On 3 November 2003 the United States Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal against the court order to remove the monument. On Thursday 13 November 2003, the Alabama Court of the Judiciary unanimously removed an unrepentant Moore from the office of Chief Justice because, according to Court of the Judiciary Presiding Judge William Thompson, "[t]he chief justice placed himself above the law." In closing arguments, the Assistant Attorney General said Moore's defiance, left unchecked, "undercuts the entire workings of the judicial system" and "What message does that send to the public, to other litigants? The message it sends is: If you don't like a court order, you don't have to follow it." Moore was considered as a possible candidate for the United States Constitution Party in the 2004 presidential election, but did not pursue their nomination.

Candidacy for Governor

On October 3, 2005, Judge Moore announced that he plans to run for governor of Alabama in the upcoming 2006 election. Current governor Bob Riley is running for reelection, placing two Republicans in the race. Primary elections are to be held June 6, 2006. [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,171115,00.html]

External links

Articles on Roy Moore

- [http://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/specialreports/TENcommandments/StoryAlabamaMOORE13WW.htm Montgomery Advertiser profile of Moore (First in in a Two-Part Series)]
- [http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200510/roy-moores-ten-commandments Atlantic Monthy article from October 2005: "Roy and His Rock"]

Pro-Roy Moore links

- [http://www.weneedmoore.com/index.php Official site of Judge Roy Moore for Alabama Governor]
- [http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/11/13/moore.tencommandments/ Ten Commandments judge removed from office]
- [http://www.morallaw.org/ Foundation For Moral Law - Ten Commandments Monument & Chief Justice Roy Moore]
- [http://www.humaneventsonline.com/article.php?id=2660 Man of the Year: Roy Moore by Ann Coulter]
- [http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2004/10/12/210331.shtml Roy Moore says Supreme Court Cases Don't Address God]
- [http://www.visionforumministries.org/sections/hotcon/news/012_moore_defends_10c.asp Statement by Chief Justice Moore Prepared by Lead Counsel, Steve Melchior]
- [http://christianvoiceonline.com/ Christian Voice]

Anti-Roy Moore links

- [http://atheism.about.com/od/tencommandments/a/moore.htm/ Judge Roy Moore: Ten Commandments & the Law]
- [http://www.necessaryprose.com/roymoore.htm A Poem by Roy Moore]
- [http://www.pfaw.org/pfaw/general/default.aspx?oid=1656/ Alabama Chief Justice Unfit For Office]
- [http://www.aclu.org/ReligiousLiberty/ReligiousLiberty.cfm?ID=11336&c=38/ Alabama’s Chief Judge Ordered to Remove Ten Commandments Monument from Courthouse]
- [http://stoproy.com/ StopRoy.com - The Campaign To Stop Roy Moore]
- [http://www.bigissueground.com/atheistground/ash-10commandments.shtml What's So Bad About The Ten Commandments] (explains humanist position with reference to ethical objections to the decalogue) Moore, Roy Moore, Roy

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