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Gestapo

Gestapo

Die Gestapo (van Duits: Geheime Staatspolizei) was die geheime polisie van die Derde Ryk van Adolf Hitler.

Wetgewing oor die Geheime Staatspolizei

'n Wet van 30 November 1933 bepaal dat die Gestapo in die deelstaat Pruise 'n selfstandige tak van die binnelandse administrasie (Innere Verwaltung) is. Die nuwe Wet van die Geheime Staatspolizei van 10 Februarie 1936 stel die lede van die Gestapo en hul aksies van latere regterlike ondersoek vry. ja:ゲシュタポ ko:게슈타포

Adolf Hitler

Die gebore Oostenryker Adolf Hitler (April 20 1889 - April 30 1945) was 'n Duitse politikus en diktator. Hy was die self-aangestelde Führer van Nazi-Duitsland. Hitler was die leier van die Nazi Party, Kansellier van Duitse Ryk en was die regeringshoof asook staatshoof. Hy het politieke voordeel getrek uit die ekonomiese krisis wat Duitsland na die Eerste Wêreldoorlog beleef en het op 'n stadium groot dele van Europa beheer. Sy bedeling was verantwoordelik vir die dood van miljoene en ontelbaar baie se verskuiwing. Hitler, 'n begaafde spreker, word gesien as een van die invloedrykste leiers van die 20ste eeu. Hitler se pogings tot meer grondgebied, wat begin het met die inname van Pole in 1939 was een van die aanleidende faktore van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog. Die rassebeleid van Hitler-Duitsland, wat miljoene se dood veroorsaak het, word ook aan hom toegeskryf. Op 30 April 1945 pleeg Hitler selfmoord saam met sy vrou Eva Braun, met wie hy net kort tevore getrou het.

Sien ook

- Holocaust

Eksterne skakels

- [http://www.mondopolitico.com/library/meinkampf/introduction.htm Mondo Politico biblioteek se aanbieding van Adolf Hitler se boek, Mein Kampf] (volle teks, geformatteer vir lees op 'n skerm)
- [http://www.adolfhitler.ws/index.php Omvangryke werf oor Adolf Hitler]
- [http://www.hitler.org Die Hitler historiese museum] Category:Mense ja:アドルフ・ヒトラー ko:아돌프 히틀러 ms:Adolf Hitler roa-rup:Adolf Hitler simple:Adolf Hitler th:อดอล์ฟ ฮิตเลอร์

1933

Gebeure

- 19 April Franklin Delano Roosevelt kondig aan dat die VSA weg beweeg van die goudstandaard.
- 23 April Die Gestapo word in Duitsland gevorm.

Geboortes

- Edward De Bono

Sterftes

---- Dae | Eeue | Geskiedenis

1933

Kategorie:20ste eeu ja:1933年 ko:1933년 simple:1933

10 Februarie

Gebeure

Geboortes

- 1869 - Mahatma Gandhi

Sterftes

Vakansies, vierings, en waarmeningsdae

- ----

02-10

Dae in die Geskiedenis Kategorie:Datum ja:2月10日 ko:2월 10일 simple:February 10 th:10 กุมภาพันธ์

Stephen G. Wozniak

that launched Apple Computer.]] Stephen Wozniak (born August 11 1950) is a computer engineer turned philanthropist. His inventions and machines are credited with contributing greatly to the personal computer revolution of the 1970s. Wozniak co-founded Apple Computer with Steve Jobs in 1976 and created the Apple I and Apple II computers in the mid-1970s. The Apple II became the best selling computer of the 1970s and early 1980s, and is often credited as the first popular personal computer. Wozniak has several nicknames, including "(The) Woz" and "Wizard of Woz". The former is also the name of a company he founded.

Early life and inspiration

Wozniak's early inspirations came from his father Jerry who was a Lockheed engineer, and from a fictional wonder-boy: Tom Swift. His father infected him with fascination for electronics and would often check over young Woz's creations. Tom Swift, on the other hand, was for Woz an epitome of creative freedom, scientific knowledge, and the ability to find solutions to problems. Tom Swift would also attractively illustrate the big awards that await the inventor. To this day, Wozniak returns to Tom Swift books and reads them to his own kids as a form of inspiration. Woz's values were shaped and strengthened over years by his family and individual thinking, and moral philosophy, radio amateur ethics (helping people in emergency), books (Swift's utilitarian and humanitarian attitude) and others. As a lasting Swift legacy, throughout his life, Wozniak loved all projects that required heavy thinking, even if they were void of any practicality or marketability. He learned the basics of mathematics and electronics from his father. When Woz was 11, he built his own amateur radio station, and got a ham-radio license. At age 13, he was elected president of his high school electronics club, and won first prize at a science fair for a transistor-based calculator. Also at 13, Woz began designing his first computers (including one that could play tic-tac-toe), which laid the engineering foundation of his later success. John Draper explained to Wozniak the Blue Box, a device with which one could (mis)use the telephone system by emulating pulses (i.e. phone phreaking). Although Draper instructed Woz not to produce and especially not sell the gadgets on account of the possibility of being discovered, Wozniak built and sold Blue Boxes for $150 a piece. Wozniak met Steve Jobs while working a summer job at HP, and they began selling blue boxes together. Many of the purchasers of their blue boxes were in fact discovered and sure enough John Draper was linked to their use.

The dawn of Apple

By 1975, Woz dropped out of the University of California, Berkeley (he would later finish his degree in 1987) and came up with a computer that eventually became successful nationwide. However, he was largely working within the scope of the Palo Alto-based Homebrew Computer Club, a local group of electronics hobbyists. His project had no wider ambition. Jobs and Wozniak came to the conclusion that a completely assembled and inexpensive computer would be in demand. They sold some of their prized possessions (e.g. Woz's HP scientific calculator and Steve Jobs' Volkswagen van), raised USD$1300, and assembled the first prototype in Jobs' garage. Their first computer was quite an engineering marvel within the context of 1975 computing. In simplicity of use it was years ahead of the Altair 8800, which was introduced earlier in 1975. Altair had no display and no true storage. It received commands via a series of switches and a single program would require thousands of toggles without an error. Altair output was presented in the form of flashing lights. Altair was great for true geeks, but it was not usable for a wider public. It didn't even come assembled. Woz's computer, on the other hand, named Apple I, was a fully assembled and functional unit that contained a $25 microprocessor on a single-circuit board with ROM. On April 1 1976, Jobs and Wozniak formed Apple Computer Company. Wozniak quit his job at Hewlett-Packard and became the vice president in charge of research and development at Apple. The Apple I was priced at $666.66. Jobs and Wozniak sold their first 25 computers to a local dealer. Wozniak could now focus full-time on fixing the shortcomings of the Apple I and adding new functionality. His new design was to retain the most important characteristics: simplicity and usability. Woz introduced high-resolution graphics in the Apple II. His computer could now display pictures instead of just letters: "I threw in high-res. It was only two chips. I didn't know if people would use it." By 1978, he also designed an inexpensive floppy-disk drive controller. He and Randy Wigginton wrote a simple disk operating system, adapting a file system and simple command line interface licensed from Shepardson Microsystems to his unique technology. In addition to his hardware skills, Wozniak wrote most of the software that ran on the Apple. He wrote a Basic interpreter named Integer BASIC, a set of virtual 16-bit processor instructions known as SWEET16, a Breakout game (which was also a reason to add sound to the computer), the code needed to control the disk drive, and more. On the software side, the Apple II was also made more attractive to a business user by the famous pioneering spreadsheet: Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston's VisiCalc. In 1980, the Apple company went public and made Jobs and Wozniak millionaires. At the age of 27, Jobs was the youngest Fortune 500 man in 1982—a very young age before the dot-com era.

The Success of the Apple II

For years the Apple II was the main source of profit at Apple, and it assured the company's survival when its management undertook much less profitable ventures like the ill-fated Apple III and the short-lived Lisa. It was because of the reliable profits from the Apple II that Apple was able to develop the Macintosh, market it, and gradually make it evolve into a machine which is now at the center of all Apple products. In a sense then, Wozniak can be considered as the financial godfather of the Mac. In February 1981, Steve Wozniak crashed his private plane. As a result, he had temporary short-term memory loss. He had no recollection of the accident and, for a while, did not even know he had been involved in a crash. He began to piece together clues from things people had said to him. He asked his girlfriend, Candy Clark (an early Apple employee who worked in the accounting department), if he had been involved in an accident of some kind. When she told him of the event, his short-term memory was restored. Wozniak also credits computer games for aiding him in restoring those "lost" memories. Woz did not return to Apple after recovering from the plane crash. Instead, he got married and returned to the University of California, Berkeley under the name "Rocky (Raccoon) Clark", finally earning his undergraduate degree in 1987. In 1983 he decided to return to Apple product development, but he wanted to be no more than just an engineer and a motivational factor for the Apple workforce. In 1982 and 1983, Wozniak also sponsored the two editions of the US Festival, which were a celebration of evolving technologies and a marriage of music, computers, television and people.

Post Apple Career

Woz left Apple for good on February 6, 1985, nine years after setting up the company. Wozniak then founded a new venture called Cloud 9 which developed home remote control switches, bringing the first universal remote control to market in 1987. Wozniak and Jobs were proud to have originated an anti-hygiene ethic among big players in the computer market. Jobs focused on innovation with his NeXT vision, while Woz went into teaching (he taught fifth grade students) and charitable activities in the field of education. He has also hosted Unuson (Unite Us In Song), formed during the US Festival days which he sponsored.

Recognition and afterwards

Steve Wozniak received the National Medal of Technology from the President of the United States in 1985. In September 2000, Steve Wozniak was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. In 1997 he was named a Fellow of the Computer History Museum. Wozniak was a key contributor and benefactor to the San Jose Children's Museum. Since leaving Apple Computer, Woz has provided all the money, as well as a good amount of on-site technical support of the local Los Gatos School district (the district in which he lives and his children attend school). In 2001, Woz founded Wheels Of Zeus, acronymed "WoZ", a company that is creating wireless GPS technology to "help everyday people find everyday things". In the same year, he joined the Board of Directors of Danger, Inc., the maker of the HipTop (aka SideKick from T-Mobile). In May of 2004, upon nomination by Dr. Tom Miller, Woz received an honorary Doctor of Science degree from North Carolina State University for his contribution to the field of personal computing.

External links

- : "Microcomputer for use with video display"
- [http://www.woz.org/ Steve Wozniak's personal site] at Woz.org
- [http://www.digitalvillage.org/audio.html Interview with Steve Wozniak] at Digital Village Audio Archives
- [http://www.itconversations.com/shows/detail214.html Steve Wozniak giving an off the cuff history of himself at GnomeDex 2004] Wozniak, Steve Wozniak, Stephen Wozniak, Stephen Wozniak, Stephen Wozniak, Stephen Wozniak, Stephen Wozniak, Stephen Wozniak, Stephen Wozniak, Steve Wozniak, Steve Wozniak, Steve ja:スティーブ・ウォズニアック ko:스티브 워즈니악

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