I Zug har man hitta fornlämningar från c:a 3000 f.kr. som tyder på att det har förekommit jordbruk vid Zugsjön vid den tiden. Första gången som området omnämns i skrift är 858 e.kr. när Koenigshof in Cham nämns i ett dokument.
Runt år 1300 blir Zug en viktig handelsplats längs Säumerrutten som gick ner genom Gotthardspasset.
Geografi
Zug gränsar i söder till Schwyz, i öster till Luzern och Aargau samt till Zürich i norr. Zugs landskap domineras av de två stora sjöarna Zugsjön och Ägerisjön och det bördiga landskap som omger dessa. Trots sin placering i centrala Schweiz har Zug inga höga toppar, utan den högsta är Hohe Rohne (1 205 m.ö.h.).
Handelsplatser är platser uppkomna som knutpunkter för marin transport, alltså förbundna med skeppsfart. Handelsplatser utvecklades omkring Östersjön under vendeltiden i början huvudsakligen av Friserna, som då dominerade Östersjön.
Handelsplatser utvecklades ofta senare till städer.
Graphic novel or GN is a term for a long-form comic book, usually with lengthy and complex storylines, and often aimed at more mature audiences. The term can also encompass a short story collection, or collected issues of previously published comic books republished in a single large volume.
short story's A Contract with God, often mistakenly cited as the first graphic novel.]]
Comics work created and published as a single narrative, without prior appearance in magazines, comic books or newspapers, are called original graphic novels or OGN.
The evolving term "graphic novel" is not strictly defined, and is sometimes used, controversially, to imply subjective distinctions in artistic quality between graphic novels and other kinds of comics. It is commonly used to disassociate works from the juvenile and/or humorous connotations of the terms "comics" and "comic book", implying that the work is more serious, mature, and/or literary than traditional comics. Following this reasoning, the French term "Bande Dessinée" is occasionally applied, by art historians and others schooled in fine arts, to dissociate comics books in the fine-art tradition from those of popular entertainment.
In the publishing trade, the term is sometimes extended to material that would not be considered a novel if produced in another medium. Collections of comic books that do not form a continuous story, anthologies or collections of loosely related pieces, and even non-fiction are stocked by libraries and bookstores as "graphic novels" (similar to the manner in which dramatic stories are included in "comic" books).
Whether manga, which has had a much longer history of both novel-like publishing and production of comics for adult audiences, should be included in the term is not always agreed upon. Likewise, in continental Europe, collections of comic strips have been commonly published in hardcover volumes, often called "albums", since the end of the 19th century (including Franco-Belgian comics such as Tintin and Lieutenant Blueberry, and Italian comics such as Corto Maltese).
History
The term "graphic novel" was popularized by Will Eisner after it appeared on the cover of the trade paperback edition (though not on the hardcover edition) of A Contract with God, and Other Tenement Stories in 1978. This collection of short stories was a mature, complex work focusing on the lives of ordinary people in the real world, and the term "graphic novel" was intended to distinguish it from traditional comic books, with which it shared a storytelling medium. This established both a new book-publishing term and a category distinct from paperback.
Eisner cited as inspiration the works of Lynd Ward, who produced complete novels in woodcuts in the 1930s. Belgian artist Frans Masereel had by then already published Passionate Journey (1926, reissued 1985 as Passionate Journey: A Novel in 165 Woodcuts ISBN 0872861740), an early form of graphic novel.
The critical and commercial success of A Contract with God helped to establish the term "graphic novel" in common usage, and many sources have incorrectly credited Eisner with being the first to use it. In fact, it was used as early as November 1964 by Richard Kyle in CAPA-ALPHA #2, a newsletter published by the Comic Amateur Press Alliance, and again in Kyle's Fantasy Illustrated #5 (Spring 1966).
1966-plotterGil Kane.]]
In 1976, the term appeared in connection with three separate works. Bloodstar by Richard Corben (adapted from a story by Robert E. Howard) used the term on its cover. George Metzger's Beyond Time and Again, serialized in underground comics from 1967-72, was subtitled "A Graphic Novel" on the inside title page when collected as a 48-page, black-and-white, hardcover book published by Kyle & Wheary [http://www.massmedia.com/~mikeb/booktour/george_metzger.htm]. And the digest-sizedChandler: Red Tide (1976) by Jim Steranko, designed to be sold on newsstands, used the term "graphic novel" in its introduction and "a visual novel" on its cover, although Chandler is more commonly considered an illustrated novel than a work of comics.
Since the term came into use, it has been applied retroactively to numerous works which did not use the term but fit the popular modern usage. These prototypical examples include Milt Gross' He Done Her Wrong (1930), a wordless comic published as a hardcover book; and Gil Kane and Archie Goodwin's self-published, 40-page, magazine-format comics novel, His Name is... Savage (Adventure House Press, 1968 — the same year Marvel Comics published two issues of The Spectacular Spider-Man in a similar format).
Another Kane-Goodwin work, Blackmark (1971), a science fiction/sword-and-sorcery paperback published by Bantam, did not use the term originally; the back-cover blurb of the 30th-anniversay edition (ISBN 1560974567) calls it, retroactively, "the very first American graphic novel." Whether or not this is so, Blackmark is a 119-page story of comic-book art, with captions and word balloons, published in a traditional book format. It is also the first with an original heroic-adventure character, conceived expressly for this form. In a related, very early use of the term in a mainstream publication, the planned second book, Blackmark: The Mind Demons, was called a graphic novel on the cover of the black-and-white comics magazine Marvel Preview #17 (Winter 1979), where it eventually premiered — with its 117-page contents intact but its panel-layout reconfigured to fit 62 pages.
Still another example of the evolution of the term is Sabre: Slow Fade of an Endangered Species by writer Don McGregor and artist Paul Gulacy (Eclipse Books, August 1978). Published two months before A Contract with God, it called itself, on its credits page, "a comic novel", though the author, in interviews, referred to it as a "graphic album" — a term used the following year by Gene Day for his hardcover short-story collection Future Day (Flying Buttress Press). The word "album" is borrowed from European publishers, who use the term to describe such comic-strip collections as The Adventures of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets (1930), the first such.
Another historically significant early work is the original graphic novel The Silver Surfer (Simon & Schuster/Fireside Books, August 1978), by Marvel Comics' Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. This was distributed through bookstores; the same month's Sabre is, historically, the first graphic novel created for and sold in the "direct market" of comic-book shops.
Quotes
Charles McGrath (former editor, The New York Times Book Review) in The New York Times, July 20, 2004 [http://www.donmacdonald.com/archives/000035.html]: "Some of the better-known graphic novels are published not by comics companies at all but by mainstream publishing houses — by Pantheon, in particular — and have put up mainstream sales numbers. Persepolis, for example, Marjane Satrapi's charming, poignant story, drawn in small black-and-white panels that evoke Persian miniatures, about a young girl growing up in Iran and her family's suffering following the 1979 Islamic revolution, has sold 450,000 copies worldwide so far; Jimmy Corrigan sold 100,000 in hardback...."
Artistic movement
Eddie Campbell has issued a manifesto (2004) to the effect that the "graphic novel" is more the product of an artist, and that it follows that the term is therefore better used as a description of an artistic movement. Members of the movement are known as "Graphic Novelists".
Campbell defines the major goal of the movement as being "to take the form of the comic book, which has become an embarrassment, and raise it to a more ambitious and meaningful level." Campbell sees the movement as drawing on many antecedents, notably woodcut novels, such as those by Lynd Ward, but does not wish the movement to be applied in relation to such antecedents. Further, Campbell rejects the notion that the term can be applied to the form of the work with any objective meaning, beyond those necessary for marketing purposes.
Categorized list of notable graphic novels
Pulitzer Prize winners
- Maus a.k.a. Maus: A Survivor's Tale — My Father Bleeds History by Art Spiegelman (non-fiction; ISBN 0679406417)
- [http://www.tcj.com/messboard/ubb/Forum2/HTML/002261-2.html The Comics Journal Message Board: The history of the term "graphic novel"]
- [http://www.geocities.com/rucervine/ Archive of The Comics Journal Message Board: The history of the term "graphic novel"]
- [http://www.time.com/time/columnist/arnold/article/0,9565,542579,00.html The Graphic Novel Silver Anniversary]
- [http://www.graphicnovels.brodart.com/history.htm A Brief History of the Graphic Novel", by Stan Tychinski]
-
- Note: This is a dead link.
- [http://www.imageandnarrative.be/narratology/chriscouch.htm Image & Narrative #1 (Dec. 2000): "The Publication and Formats of Comics, Graphic Novels, and Tankobon", by Chris Couch]
External links
- [http://www.comics-db.com/ The Big Comic Book DataBase]
- [http://my.voyager.net/~sraiteri/graphicnovels.htm Recommended Graphic Novels for Public Libraries]
- [http://www.geocities.com/dawnanik/grnovels.htm Graphic Novels and Comic Trade Paperbacks - An Annotated List]
- [http://www.adh.brighton.ac.uk/schoolofdesign/MA.COURSE/TheLectListPage.html The Visual Telling of Stories Archive]
Category:Comic book terminology - ja:グラフィックノベル
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The Chukwu Octuplets were a set of octuplets born in December 1998 in Houston, Texas. They consisted of six girls and two boys, and were as follows:
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