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Alpkaja

Alpkaja

Alpkajan (Pyrrhocorax graculus) är en fågel i familjen kråkfåglar.

Utbredning

Alpkajan häckar i Pyreneerna och Alperna ända bort till Centralasien och Indien. Den lever uteslutande i höga berg från trädgränsen ända upp till 4000 m höjd.

Utseende

Den är nära besläktad med alpkråkan och har liksom denna art en glänsade svart fjäderdräkt och röda tarser. Alpkajans långa böjda näbb är dock gul, inte röd som alpkråkans. Alpkajan är dessutom något mindre än alpkråkan, cirka 36-39 cm lång med ett vingspann på 65-74 cm. Den kan väga upp till 190-240 g. Relativt sett är dock dess stjärt längre än alpkråkans, och dess vingar kortare. I likhet med alpkråkan är den en skicklig flygare.

Fortplantning

Arten föredrar att bygga bon i grottor eller på klippavsatser.

Beteende

Alpkajan livnär sig på insekter under sommaren, och bär och matrester, i synnerhet i närheten av skidorter, under vintern. Fåglen är orädd och låter sig gärna matas. Den har ett läte som avsevärt skiljer sig från alpkråkans, men uppträder liksom denna gärna i stora flockar. Kategori:Kråkfåglar ja:キバシガラス

Fågel

#Djuret fågel som en av individ ur djurriket, se fåglar #Jaktbyte, förmål för fjäderfäavel, köttmat #En del av uttrycket "Det smakar fågel"

Se även

Exempel på fågel (som mat skriver man nästan alltid i singularis):
- Anka
- Broiler
- Fågelhund
- Höns
- Kramsfågel
- Kyckling
- Viltfågel Kategori:Ornitologi

Pyreneerna

Pyrenéerna är en bergskedja i sydvästra Europa. Den utgör gräns mellan Frankrike och Spanien. Andorra ligger helt i Pyrenéerna.

Geografi och geologi

Kedjans längd är omkring 435 kilometer. Den sträcker sig i öst-västlig riktning från Biscayabukten till Costa Brava. Dess bredd går upp till 130 kilometer. Pyrenéerna är liksom Alperna 50 till 100 miljoner år gamla, de veckades alltså under tertiärtiden. Mittzonen består av kristalliniska och paleozoiska bergarter, men på båda sidorna finns mesozoiska och äldre tertiära lager, som genom tryck från båda sidorna pressats in mot centralregionen och överskjutits av denna. Under istiden var Pyrenéerna starkt nedisade, men endast en isström sträckte sig utanför bergen, de andra höll sig inom bergsdalarna. De har väsentligt bidragit att utbilda de för Pyrenéerna typiska halvcirkelformiga dalar, av vilka Cirque de Gavarnie är mest känd. Istidsbildningar är också små sjöbäcken men däremot finns inga större sjöar där till skillnad från i Alperna. Ännu idag finns glaciärer i de högsta delarna av bergen, men de har minskat starkt efter 1920. Snögränsen ligger på den regnrikare norra sidan vid ca 2 700 meter och på södra sidan vid 3 000 meter. Från bergen strömmar, mest på den norra sidan, en mängd forsande bergbäckar. På flera ställen bilder de höga vattenfall, som i Europa har motsvarigheter bara i Norge. Det högsta är det, som floden Gave de Pau gör i Cirque de Gavarnie med en fallhöjd på 422 meter. Det är samtidigt det högsta i Europa. Pyrenéerna är på båda sidorna åtföljda av yngre bergskedjor. Kalkbergen inom Pyrenéernas bergssystem är rika på grottor. Bergkedjans malmförråd är i allmänhet ringa trots att det finns betydande järnmalmsgruvor. Stenkolslager är huvudsakligen belägna på spanska sidan, medan den franska har flera brunkolsbäddar. Genom naturliga gränser delar man Pyrenéerna i tre avsnitt.

Östpyrenéerna

De går från Medelhavet till passet Col de la Perche (1 622 meter), som förenar Tets floddal i norr med Segres i syd. Den centrala zonen är här delad i två parallella kedjor. Den norra zonen kulminerar i Puigmal (2 913 meter) och i Serra del Cadi (2 567 meter). Den södra zonen heter Les Alberes.

Centralpyrenéerna

Huvudkammen utgörs av en bred zon med mest kambriska och siluriska skiffrar, över vilka höjer sig flera granitmassiv som är ordnade i fyra parallella rader. Branta och korta tvärdalar för till cirkelformiga dalar, och vid bergets norra fot finns en mängd varma källor. På huvudkammen reser sig många höga toppar som bär glaciärer, och passövergångar är sällsynta. Den högsta toppen, Pico de Aneto (3 404 meter), tillhör massivet Maladeta.

Västpyrenéerna

Västpyrenéerna har i sin östra hälft ganska höga toppar på över 2 000 meter men de blir allt lägre åt väster. Endast några få toppar är bildade av granit eller paleozoiska lager, medan i regel sandsten från trias- eller kritperioden bildar berggrunden. Här tågade under 700-talet suever, alaner och vandaler in på spanska halvön.

Flora och fauna

Pyrenéerna är i allmänhet svagt skogbevuxna, och även ängsmattorna har en klen vegetation. Lägre delar utmärks av alltid gröna lövträd, högre av kastanjer, ek och bok (intill 1 600 meter). Därefter följer barrträden och slutligen alpina växter. Bland däggdjuren finns björn, varg, lo och vildkatt. Vildsvin och hjortar uppträder i skogbevuxna dalar och i bergstrakterna en för Pyrenéerna typisk gems (Rupicapra pyrenaica). Ett annat endemiskt djur är en desman-näbbmus (Galemys pyrenaicus), som finns vid några strömmar på norra och södra sidan. Tjädern, fjällripan och den röda rapphönan är de viktigaste representanterna för fågelfaunan. Kategori:Europas bergskedjor ja:ピレネー山脈 ko:피레네 산맥

Centralasien

Centralasien är en geografisk och politisk term som brukar användas för att beskriva området mellan Kaspiska havet i väst, Kina i öst, Sibirien i norr och Iran i syd. Ofta inkluderas även Mongoliet och den kinesiska provinsen Xinjiang. Ibland omfattas än större områden. Kazakstan, Kirgizistan, Tadzjikistan, Turkmenistan och Uzbekistan är forna sovjetstater som brukar utgöra det politiska Centralasien. Kategori:Asien ko:중앙아시아 ja:中央アジア

Alpkråka

Alpkråkan (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) är en fågel i familjen kråkfåglar.

Utbredning

Fågeln förekommer i Asien, i Europa i Alperna strax under snögränsen samt i Etiopien i Afrika.

Utseende

Fågelns rödfärgade näbb är lång och nedåtböjd, och även tarserna är röda. Fjäderdräkten är blanksvart. Djuret har en längd av 40 centimeter, varav stjärten upptar 15 centimeter. Den har ett vingspann på 68-80 cm. Vikten kan nå upp till 250 gram. Den påminner om kajan, men flyger lättare och prydligare samt är försiktigare än denna. Ungdjuret har en gul näbb som senare blir röd.

Fortplantning

Honan lägger mellan april och juni 3 till 6 ägg som är brun- eller gråfläckiga på gulvit bottenfärg. Boet, som vanligen är omfångsrikt, byggs av ljung, törne eller andra plantor, och läggs vanligen på ett klippigt berg i ett hål eller en grotta. Boet fodras med ull eller hår.

Beteende

Fågelns föda består av maskar, spindlar, snäckor, insekter och deras larver. Alpkråkan blir lätt tam och fortplantar sig även i bur. Den är en utmärkt segelflygare. Alpkråkan är sällskaplig och förekommer ofta i stora flockar. Kategori:Kråkfåglar

Kategori:Kråkfåglar

Kategori:Tättingar

Clone Commander

In the fictional universe of Star Wars, the clone trooper commanders were clone troopers bred on Kamino for leadership roles in the Army of the Republic. They led regiments of 2,304 clone troopers into battle. At the start of the war they were distinguished by yellow-orange markings on their armour and helmets. They were given special training to fulfill their advanced roles and were also bred with extra capacity for critical thinking and tactical coordination and were allowed more independence. In combat, they were often assigned to any command centre that had been set up though sometimes they participated with their fellow clone troopers if badly needed. For information on the commanders' legions, see list of Star Wars clone trooper legions.

Notable Clone commanders

Commander A'den

Clone Commander A'den (CC-3009) was the overseer of the 7th Legion under the 327th Star Corps led by Clone Marshal Commander Bly. "A'den" means wrath or rage in Mando'a.

Commander Appo

Mando'a Commander Appo (CC-1119) was a clone commander stationed on Coruscant during the events of Revenge of the Sith. He was in command of the 501st Legion (nicknamed "Vader's Fist" and/or "Vader's Legion"), also known as the Special Ops Troopers, whose armor bore distinctive blue markings. Supreme Chancellor Palpatine ordered Darth Vader and the 501st to storm the Jedi Temple, and to kill all of the Jedi inside. Commander Appo posted guards at all entrances and exits to the temple while the Jedi inside were slaughtered. Senator Bail Organa later arrived at the temple to investigate and was told by Sergeant Fox that the Jedi had rebelled and troopers had been sent to contain the situation. Bail, at blasterpoint, was "asked" to leave, but before he could go, young Jedi Zett Jukassa tried to escape, critically wounding Appo and several of his men before being gunned down himself by Sergeant Fox. Appo, however, managed to survive his wounds, and, after several weeks in a bacta tank, returned to his 501st Legion. Commander Appo supposedly wears the same markings as his subordinates, as seen in the attack on the Jedi Temple.[http://www.clonewarz.com/database/characters/republic/images/appo_sm.jpg] Commander Appo continued to lead the 501st until his death at the hands of Jedi Master Roan Shryne at the invasion of Kashyyyk, about a month after the end of the Clone Wars. After his death, Darth Vader remarked to Shryne, "I was rather fond of Commander Appo."

Commander Bacara

Clone Commander Bacara (CC-1138, a homage to THX 1138) was a clone trooper in the Republic Army. Bacara was one of the first generation Commander trained by the ARC trooper known as Alpha, and he served under General and Jedi Master Ki-Adi-Mundi. Together they led the well known, and feared, Galactic Marines. As part of the Galactic Marines, Bacara was well versed in space, ground, and zero-gee combat. Bacara's helmet featured reinforced cheekplates, and a communications antenna. Perhaps in homage to his ARC-trained heritage, Bacara and his troops wore kama, the combat skirts worn by ARC Troopers. The armour of Bacara's troopers was supposedly the prototype Imperial Snowtrooper armor. They were the first to test the prototype of the Galactic Marine's powersuit during the Battle of New Bornalex and were known for their resourcefulness and aggressivness. Near the end of The Clone Wars, Commander Bacara and General Ki-Adi-Mundi were fighting against the Separatist droid armies on Mygeeto, an Outer Rim planet controlled by the InterGalactic Banking Clan. Though they had fought together in numerous battles, Bacara's ultimate loyalty was to the Supreme Chancellor. When Palpatine contacted Bacara and executed Order 66, Bacara carried out his orders without question, or hesitation. He and his fellow Galactic Marines opened fire on Ki-Adi-Mundi, murdering their former General in cold blood.

Commander Bly

Clone Commander Bly (CC-5052) was a clone trooper in the Republic Army. Bly was one of the first generation of commanders trained by ARC Trooper Alpha, and led the 327th Star Corps under Jedi General Aayla Secura on many tours that took them to New Holstice, Honoghr, Anzat, Saleucami, and Felucia. Many times they had to leave their missions unfinished because they were reassigned to other sectors where they were more desperately needed. Although Bly would have preferred to finish his current campaign before moving on to another, he remained loyal and followed orders. Bly and his men were proud of their ARC heritage, as shown by the modifications to their armor. In fact, Bly's armor was almost completely identical to that of a phase two ARC's. Bly and his men wore pauldrons, bandoleers, and kama. Bly also added a pair of folding macrobinoculars to his helmet. Though the clone commanders demonstrated greater creativity and individuality because of this program, Bly was nonetheless a product of an artificial upbringing, and his conditioning made him preternaturally loyal to Republic. During a mission to Honoghr, when the Jedi turncoat Quinlan Vos struck up a makeshift alliance with Aayla Secura to recover vital Separatist data from the planet, Bly had difficulty working with the traitorous Vos. He nonetheless followed Secura's orders to respect the truce, internalizing his misgivings and carrying out commands to the letter. But Bly found himself in the position to either protect Aayla from her former master, who had turned on her, or to respect Aayla's judgement. Fortunately, Bly shot Vos in the shoulder before he could strike down Aayla for the information. Bly and Secura were serving on the exotic world of Felucia when Order 66 was sent out. Demonstrating his unswerving loyalty to Palpatine, Bly and his troopers opened fire on their commanding officer, coldly killing her from behind.

Commander Cody

Clone Commander Cody (CC-2224), was a clone trooper in the Grand Army of the Republic. He served under General Obi-Wan Kenobi and led the 212th Attack Battalion. He is a first generation clone created on Kamino, and received special training with the ARC trooper Alpha as part of his commander training. He is identifiable by the white and orange markings on his armor, which he shares with the rest of his battalion. He has further customized his armor with a command caplet on his helmet, a shoulder mounted comlink and a wrist mounted holoprojector. His actions in the Outer Rim sieges caught the attention of Obi-Wan Kenobi and the Jedi General requested his battalion when he attacked the Trade Federation's new home planet of Cato Neimodia and when he attacked General Grievous's base at Utapau in the final days of the Clone Wars. Cody befriended General Obi-Wan Kenobi, though when Chancellor Palpatine ordered the execution of Order 66 to turn clone troopers against the Jedi, Cody ordered a nearby AT-TE to open fire on Obi-Wan Kenobi, though the attack was unsuccessful. Cody is a skilled tactician who has the total devotion of the men who he commands. He favors the DC-15 blaster rifle.

Commander Deviss

Commander Deviss (CT 65/91-6210) was originally a Captain in the Grand Army of the Republic. He led the Hawkbat Battalion at Geonosis who was to march directly into the withering fire of the spider droids. Poor strategic management on the part of his superiors saw his group almost entirely demolished. He tended and defended two injured soilders for three hours. For bravery in the line of fire, Captain Deviss was awarded a medal after surviving the battle and came to be assigned to the 327th Star Corps under Commander Bly. During the Battle of Altyr V, Deviss was forced to innovate a successful strategy after his Jedi General was killed. He ended up dealing enough damage to Separatist defenses that he was credited with winning the battle for the Republic. Commander Bly promoted him to the rank of Commander, recognizing the trooper's ability.

Commander Faie

Commander Faie was one of many specially trained clone trooper commanders to fight in The Clone Wars. Faie was dispatched to Saleucami during the height of the Clone Wars and there commanded the engineering divisions under Jedi General Stass Allie. He can be noticed by the robe and cloak he wears over his head and shoulders.

Commander Gree

Clone Commander Gree (CC-1004) was a clone trooper in the Army of the Republic. He was assigned to lead the 41st Elite Corps under Jedi General Yoda on the planet Kashyyyk. During the battle on Kashyyyk, Gree, along with his regiment, wore green camouflage armor with black greaves. Notably, while most (if not all) of Gree's troopers on Kashyyyk wore modified helmets reminiscent of those worn by Imperial Scout troopers, and assumedly incorporating similar equipment, such as macro-binoculars and specialized sensors, Gree wears the standard clone trooper helmet, albeit with green regimental markings and a green visor. Gree's troopers specialized their armor for different planets, though they typically wore grey clone trooper armor. His weapon of choice was the DC-15 blaster rifle. Gree was posted to the planet of Kashyyk to serve under Jedi General Yoda. Gree commanded the legions of Clone Troopers when the Separatist invasion force arrived. While serving on Kashyyk with Yoda, Gree received the command from Supreme Chancellor Palpatine to execute Order 66. He attempted to shoot the Jedi Master from behind, but was instead killed in the process when Yoda drew his lightsaber and slew Gree and his secondary commander known as "Green Wizard" in one swoop. Having more individuality than the average clone trooper, CC-1004 took an interest in studying obscure alien cultures, and was often stationed on worlds with indigenous species. He adopted his name as a subtle nod to his intellectual pursuits (the Gree are an obscure alien species, little known in the Republic).

Captain "Jag" Jai'Galaar

Captain "Jag" Jai'Galaar (CT 55/11-9009) began his military career as a promising pilot and commander, but it soon became evident that he truly excelled in leadership. Despite his successful command of the 127th Gunship Wing on Geonosis, the Retreat at Katraasii led to his demotion. He was then recruited as an ARC-170 starfighter test pilot by Plo Koon. Ironically, Jag's skills as a pilot were put to use when Order 66 was issued—he promptly blew the Jedi Master out of the sky of Cato Neimoidia.

Commander Keller

Commander Keller was a clone commander who fought in the Clone Wars. Keller survived the conflict and, after the issuing of Order 66, led a squadron of Galactic Marines in search of Jedi Master Kai Hudorra and Padawan Noirah Na who had survived the initial purge and were hiding on the Whiphid homeworld of Toola.

Commander Neyo

Commander of the clone Trooper legions dispatched to Saleucami, Neyo (CC-8826) and his troops were instrumental in the victory over the Separatists. The multi-battalion taskforce was initially led by Oppo Rancisis, who died during the campaign and was replaced by Stass Allie. During the 5-month campaign, Neyo worked closely with Commanders Faie and Bly. Neyo and his men flew BARC speeders to give them extra mobility. Neyo wore distinctive body armor similar to the kind later used by the Clone Assassins, although it is unknown if a connection exists between him and the elite special forces unit. Neyo was one of the first 100 graduates from Alpha's training program, and was perhaps the coldest and most laconic of his class. Order 66 reached Neyo during a routine battlefield patrol on Saleucami. Immediately, Neyo and his wingman dropped back on their BARC speeders behind Jedi Master Stass Allie and promptly shot her down.

Commander Salvo

Commander Salvo was the commander of the 32nd Air Combat Wing at the Battle of Murkhana. His uniform carried rust-brown markings and the capelike command skirt of the ARC troopers. On the left side of his helmet he had the motto "LIVE TO SERVE!" laser-etched. He had the personality of an ARC trooper, although genetically he wasn't one. When Order 66 came down he ordered members of the clone commando unit Ion Team to kill the Jedi but they refused to carry out his orders. Nontheless his troopers managed to kill three of the six Jedi and he presented their lightsabers to Darth Vader who ordered him to, "Dispose of them in any fashion you see fit."

Commander Thire

Commander Thire (CC-4477) was one of numerous ARC-trained Clone trooper commanders serving the Galactic Republic during the Clone Wars. Commander of the Homeworld Security Clone Shocktroopers, Thire led the search for the body of the Jedi Yoda following his duel with the Emperor, and later for the remains of Anakin Skywalker/Darth Vader's body on Mustafar. While most clone troopers spent their accelerated growth stage on Kamino, developing under the careful watch of scientists, there were 2 units that were secretly brought to Coruscant for special development and training. These were the red-marked shocktroopers, and the blue-marked 501st legion. During Separatist invasion, the shock troopers emerged as one of the last lines of defense against the invading droid forces. Commander Thire led these highly skilled troops and were able to prevent many of the droids from demolishing some of Coruscant's most ancient and revered buildings, but they were unable to prevent General Grievous from kidnapping the Chancellor. During the establishment of the Galactic Empire, the shock troopers were stationed throughout the Senate building and executive towers to secure a peaceful transition of government. The shock troopers eventually transformed into the Coruscant Guards, elite Imperial Stormtroopers tasked with providing security on the Imperial capital and no longer retain their red markings.

Trivia

- All of the clone commanders were computer-generated, with the exception of Cody, whose body was digital, but whose head was that of Temuera Morrison, who wore a blue suit during filming. Morrison provided the voice for all of the clone troopers, including the commanders, in both Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones and Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith.
- The digital model of Commander Neyo was originally designed to appear on Kashyyyk. In a scene cut early from the film, Neyo was the commander of a clone turbo tank. During Order 66, Neyo was to open fire on the tree-top command center high above the battlefield. This scene was cut and the digital model was reassigned to an otherwise unnamed biker clone that carries out Order 66 on Saleucami. Initially, the Saleucami clone was to be named Faie -- after Art Department Supervisor Fay David -- but the use of the Neyo model changed that commander's name. The Faie model was never used in the film, but does appear in Star Wars: Republic comics series.

External links

- [http://starwars.wikicities.com/wiki/Clone_trooper_commander Star Wars Wiki | Clone trooper commander] Category:Fictional clones Category:Star Wars soldiers

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