Chansons de geste

Die Chansons de geste (Ndl. ridderromans) is oorwegend Franstalige heldegedigte wat oor die geste (heldedade) van geskiedkundige of legendariese ridders handel. Gewoonlik word die hoofkarakters se dade as voortreflike voorbeelde van ridderlikheid beskryf. Die vroegste bekende Chansons de geste is aan die vooraand van 'n slag aan die leërs voorgedra soos byvoorbeeld die Rolandslied wat as aanmoediging vir Willem die Veroweraar en sy soldate gedien het voordat hulle in die slag van Hastings geveg het. Later is die Chansons ook tydens belangrike plegtighede aan die howe voorgedra. Digters het die vroeë heldegedigte mettertyd uitgebrei. Die gewildste onderwerpe is die vroeë Karolingiese geskiedenis, die kruistogte, die Newelingetyd en historiese persoonlikhede. In die 12de en 13de eeu is die meeste bewerkings voltooi.

Rolandslied

Die Rolandslied (Frans: Chanson de Roland) is die beroemdste Franse heldedig en behandel die dade van Graaf Roland van die Bretonse Mark en sy paladyne (hofridders) wat op 18 Augustus 778 in die slag van Roncesvalles (Frans: Roncevaux) sneuwel. Die lied wat in die tradisie van die chansons de geste geskryf is, verbeeld Roland as volmaakte ridder en bloedverwant van Karel die Grote. Tydens die eerste kruistog teen die Spaanse moslems het Roland die opperbevel oor die agterhoede van die Christelike leër. Op hulle terugtog na Frankryk word die ridders in 'n Baskiese hinderlaag gelei. Saam met sy maat Olivier red Roland die leër deur sy heldemoed en opoffering en weier tot by sy dood om hulp te versoek. Die heldedigte of chansons de geste behandel historiese onderwerpe uit die Merowingiese en Karolingiese tydperk; die Rolandslied is die eerste bekende voorbeeld. Hierdie epiek is volgens sy eie versleer geskryf en bestaan uit assonerende langverse wat tot laisses ('n soort strofes) saamgevoeg is. Die voordrag was waarskynlik musikaal. Die oudste verwerkings van die Rolandslied ontstaan in die 10de eeu. Dit raak baie gewild in die 11de eeu en word aan die vooraand van die slag van Hastings vir die leër van Willem die Veroweraar voorgedra. Die manuskrip wat in Oxford bewaar word, bevat die volledigste verwerking wat in die Anglo-Normandiese dialek geskryf is. Dit is vermoedelik tydens die heerskappy van Henri (Hendrik) II Plantagenet in Normandië geskryf. 'n Duitse bewerking deur die priester Konrad ontstaan omtrent 1170. 'n Nederlandse bewerking van onbekende herkoms onstaan in dieselfde eeu.

Die eerste laisse van die Rolandslied

Eksterne skakels

- [http://abu.cnam.fr/cgi-bin/go?roland2 Oorspronklike Franse teks Rolandslied]
- [http://cf.hum.uva.nl/dsp/ljc/roelandslied/ Teks Nederlandse bewerking uit 12de eeu] ja:ローランの歌

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Kategorie:12de eeu ja:12世紀 ko:12세기 th:คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 12

Philo T. Farnsworth

Philo Taylor Farnsworth (August 19 1906 – March 11 1971) was an American inventor credited with the invention of the cathode ray tube television. television

Early life

Farnsworth was born near Beaver City, Utah on August 19, 1906. His family were members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. His father later moved the family to Rigby, Idaho, where he worked as a sharecropper. Young Philo developed an early interest in electronics after his first telephone conversation with an out-of-state relative and the discovery of a large cache of technology magazines in the attic of the family’s new home. After a brief stint in the Navy, Farnsworth returned to Idaho to help support his mother. He later moved to the San Francisco Bay area with his bride, Elma “Pem” Gardner-Farnsworth. A local philanthropist managing a community chest agreed to fund Farnsworth’s early television experiments (see below). In 1926, Farnsworth formed a partnership with George Everson in Salt Lake City to develop Farnsworth’s television ideas. He moved to Los Angeles to carry out research. In 1927 Farnsworth’s Image Dissector camera tube transmitted its first image, a simple straight line. By 1928 Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press. In 1929 the system was further improved by elimination of a motor generator; the television system now had no mechanical moving parts. In 1930 Vladimir Zworykin visited the laboratory and was impressed with the performance of the camera tube; the RCA project at the time still used a mechanical scanner. In 1931 David Sarnoff of RCA offered to buy Farnsworth’s patents but was refused; in June of that year Farnsworth joined the Philco company and moved his laboratory to Philadelphia, along with his wife and two children. Philco denied Farnsworth time to travel to Utah to bury his young son Kenny, who died in March 1932; this death put a strain on Farnsworth’s marriage and may have marked the beginning of his struggle with depression. Since RCA controlled key patents and manufacture of radio tubes, Philco was persuaded to sever its relationship with Farnsworth in 1934. By 1936 Farnsworth’s company was transmitting regular entertainment programs; that year he travelled to England and formed an alliance with John Logie Baird. Baird and Farnsworth competed with EMI for forming the standard UK television system. By 1939 Farnsworth’s company had licenced patents to RCA. Farnsworth then entered a period of chronic alcohol abuse, depression and dependencies on drugs. By 1949 he had ceased working on television-related projects.

Inventions

Television tube

Farnsworth developed the vacuum tube television display, an idea he conceived at age 14 and developed at age 21. During a patent lawsuit against RCA his high school teacher redrew a drawing Farnsworth had made on the blackboard when he was 14. Farnsworth won the suit and was paid royalties but never became wealthy. The cathode ray tube configuration developed from Farnsworth’s work was used in all television sets and other kinds of displays until the late 20th century when a small portion of televisions were made with alternate technologies such as liquid crystal displays. Farnsworth developed the Image Dissector, a practical all-electronic image scanning device that made it possible to dispense with the moving parts of mechanical television.

Fusor

The Farnsworth-Hirsch Fusor, or simply fusor, is an apparatus designed by Farnsworth to create nuclear fusion. Unlike most controlled fusion systems, which slowly heat a magnetically confined plasma, the fusor injects high temperature ions directly into a reaction chamber, thereby avoiding a considerable amount of complexity. When Farnsworth-Hirsch Fusor was first introduced to the fusion research world in the late 1960s, the Fusor was the first device that could clearly demonstrate it was producing any fusion reactions at all. Hopes of the time were high that it could be quickly developed into a practical power source. However, as with other fusion experiments, development into a power source has proven difficult. Nevertheless the fusor has since become a practical neutron source, and is produced commercially for this role.

Later years

neutron It is said that Farnsworth’s genius was on the wane towards the end of his life due to alcoholism. A plaque honoring Farnsworth as The Genius of Green Street is located on the 202 Green Street location of his research laboratory in San Francisco. A statue of Farnsworth represents Utah in the U.S. Capitol building. A movie dramatization of Farnsworth’s life and work is currently under production. The film is being written by The West Wing director Aaron Sorkin. It is almost certain that the character "Professor Farnsworth" on the popular animated series Futurama was named after him.

Patents

- P.T. Farnsworth, : Incandescent light source.
- P.T. Farnsworth, : Cold cathode electron discharge tube.
- P.T. Farnsworth, : Cold cathode electron discharge tube.
- P.T. Farnsworth, : Electric discharge device for producing interaction between nuclei.
- P.T. Farnsworth, : Method and apparatus for producing nuclear fusion reactions.
- P.T. Farnsworth, : Electrostatic containment in fusion reactors.
- P.T. Farnsworth, : X-ray projection device.

Quote

:“There’s nothing on it worthwhile, and we’re not going to watch it in this household, and I don’t want it in your intellectual diet.” —Philo T. Farnsworth to his son Kent, regarding television

Reference

- Paul Schatzkin, "The Boy Who Invented Television" Teamcom Books, Silver Spring MD (2002) ISBN 1928791301
- Evan I. Schwartz, "The Last Lone Inventor: A Tale of Genius, Deceit & the Birth of Television" HarperCollins, New York, USA (2002) ISBN 0066210690
- David E. Fisher and Marshall J. Fisher, Tube, the Invention of Television Counterpoint, Washington D.C. USA, (1996) ISBN 1887178171
- Daniel Stashower, The Boy Genius and the Mogul: The Untold Story of Television Broadway Books, New York, USA (2002) ISBN 0767907590

External links

- [http://philotfarnsworth.com/ Official Homepage: “Philo. T Farnsworth Archives” (managed by Farnsworth heirs)]
- [http://www.lastloneinventor.com/ Last Lone Inventor]
- [http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/1_1_6_detail.asp?vInventorID=56 National Inventors Hall of Fame profile]
- [http://www.lib.utah.edu/spc/photo/p437/p437.html Philo Farnsworth photo archive]
- [http://rigby.govoffice.com Rigby, Idaho: Birthplace of Television (Jefferson County Historical Society and Museum)]
- [http://www.farnovision.com The Boy Who Invented Television; by Paul Schatzkin] Farnsworth, Philo Farnsworth, Philo Farnsworth, Philo Farnsworth, Philo Farnsworth, Philo Taylor Farnsworth, Philo Farnsworth, Philo

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