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FilantropVälgörenhet, filantropi är bistånd åt behövande, vanligen i ekonomisk eller materiell form.
Välgörenhetsorganisationer
- Erikshjälpen
- Röda korset
- Lutherhjälpen
- Läkare utan gränser
- Rädda Barnen
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Rädda BarnenRädda Barnen är en religiöst och politiskt obunden organisation som värnar om barns rättigheter. Den ingår i det internationella barnrättsorganisationen International Save the Children Alliance som har 29 medlemsorganisationer verksamma i över 100 länder. Organisationen arbetar bland annat mot barnmisshandel och aga, sexuella övergrepp mot barn, barnpornografi och barnarbete.
Historik
Efter Första världskriget genomförde ententen en handelsblockad mot fienden, vilket ledde till att miljoner svalt, däribland många barn, något som fick Eglantyne Jebb att driva kampanjer mot blockaden. Ett massmöte i Royal Albert Hall 19 maj 1919 ledde till att Save the Children Fund grundades, som kom att bli den första organisationen i nätverket. Ett halvår senare, 19 november, bildades svenska Rädda barnen och dess första ordförande blev Ellen Palmstierna. Rörelsen har numera omkring 85 000 medlemmar i Sverige. Barnkonventionen som FN antog 1989 är ett resultat av Rädda Barnens arbete.
Rädda barnens nuvarande (2005) ordförande är Annika Åhnberg
Externa länkar
- [http://www.rb.se/ Rädda barnen]
- [http://www.savethechildren.net Save the Children]
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Kategori:VälgörenhetKategori:Samhälle Lu Xun
Lu Xun () or Lu Hsün (Wade-Giles) (September 25, 1881 – October 19, 1936), the pen name of Zhou Shuren (), has been considered the most influential Chinese writer of the 20th century and is seen as the founder of modern baihua (白话 báihuà), or vernacular, Chinese literature. His social thought, which substantially criticized traditional cultural values, was also highly influential in 20th century Chinese history, in particular, to the May Fourth Movement and the strains of thought it gave rise to, which in turn had a great impact on the Chinese communist movement and the rise of the People's Republic of China. He was also a noted translator and helped introduce Chinese to modern international literature.
translator
Life
Early life
Born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, Lu Xun was first named Zhou Zhangshu and later renamed Shuren, literally, "to nurture a person". His family was educated and of the genteel class, but poor. His father's long sickness and eventual death during his adolescence persuaded Zhou to take up medical science. Distrusting Traditional Chinese medicine (which in his time was often practiced by charlatans), he set out to study Westernized medicine in Tohoku High Medical Institute (nowadays part of Tohoku University) in Sendai, Japan.
Lu Xun, in a widely known account, later explained why he consciously gave up the pursuit of a medical career. One day after class, one of his Japanese instructors showed a lantern slide which depicted an imminent public execution of an alleged Chinese spy by Japanese soldiers, surrounded by his Chinese compatriots. Lu Xun was shocked by the apathy of the Chinese at the execution and decided that it was more important to cure his fellow-countrymen spiritually rather than their bodies. Abandoning his studies and returning to China in 1909, he became a lecturer in the Peking University and began writing.
Career
In May 1918, he used his pen name for the first time and published the first major baihua short story, Kuangren Riji (狂人日记, A Madman's Diary), which was to become one of his two most famed works. With its criticism of many old Chinese traditions and family rules, it became a cornerstone of the New Culture Movement or May Fourth Movement. Another of his well-known longer stories, The True Story of Ah Q (Ah Q Zhengzhuan, 阿Q正传), was published in the 1920s. Both works were included in his short story collection Na Han (呐喊) or Call to Arms, published in 1923.
Between 1924 to 1926, Lu wrote his masterpiece of ironic reminiscences, Zhaohua Xishi (朝花夕拾, Dawn Dew-light Collected at Dusk, published 1928), as well as the prose poem collection Ye Cao (野草, Wild Grass, published 1927). Lu Xun also wrote some of the stories to be published in his second short story collection Pang Huang (彷徨, Wandering) in 1926. In 1930 Lu Xun published Zhongguo Xiaoshuo Lüeshi (中国小说略史, A Concise History of Chinese Fiction), a comprehensive overview of Chinese fiction and one of the landmark pieces of twentieth-century Chinese literary criticism.
His other important works include volumes of translations -- notably from Russian (he particularly admired Nikolai Gogol and made a translation of Dead Souls, and his own first story is inspired by Gogol), -- discursive writings like Re Feng (热风, Hot Wind), and many other works such as prose essays, which number around 20 volumes or more. As a left-wing writer, Lu played an important role in the history of Chinese literature. His books were and remain highly influential and popular even today, particularly amongst youths. Lu Xun's works also appear in high school textbooks in Japan. He is known to Japanese by the name Rojin (ロジン in Katakana or 魯迅 in Kanji).
left-wing
Lu Xun was also the editor of several left-wing magazines such as New Youth (新青年, Xin Qingnian) and Sprouts (萌芽, Meng Ya). He was the brother of another important Chinese political figure and essayist Zhou Zuoren (周作人). Though highly sympathetic of the Chinese Communist movement, Lu Xun never joined the Chinese Communist Party. Because of his leanings, and of the role his works played in the subsequent history of the People's Republic of China, Lu Xun's works were banned in Taiwan until late 1980s. He was among the early supporters of the Esperanto movement in China.
Style
Lu Xun's style is wry, often sardonic but with a biting edge on societal issues. His mastery of the vernacular language, coupled with his expertise with tone -- often refusing to occupy any easy position, using linguistic virtuosity as his shield -- make some of his works (like A Q Zhengzhuan, 阿Q正传, The True Story of Ah Q) virtually untranslatable. Lu Xun's importance to modern Chinese literature lies in the fact that he contributed significantly to every modern literary genre except the novel during his lifetime.
Thought
Lu Xun, termed "chief commander of China's modern cultural revolution" by translators Xianyi and Gladys Yang (to the entire revolution from traditional Chinese culture to Chinese modernity from the second decade of the 20th century to the Communist period), is typically regarded as the most influential Chinese writer who was associated with the May Fourth Movement. He produced harsh criticism of social problems in China, particularly in his analysis of the "Chinese national character." He has often been considered to have had leftist leanings. Called by some a "champion of common humanity," he helped bring many fellow writers to support communist thought, though he never took the step of actually joining the Communist Party.
Works
Stories
- from Call to Arms (1922)
- "A Madman's Diary" (1918)
- "Kong Yiji" (1919)
- "Medicine" (1919)
- "Tomorrow" (1920)
- "A Small Incident" (1920)
- "The Story of Hair" (1920)
- "Storm in a Teacup" (1920)
- "My Old Home" (1921)
- "The True Story of Ah Q" (1921)
- "The Double Fifth Festival" (1922)
- "The White Light" (1922)
- "The Rabbits and the Cat" (1922)
- "The Comedy of the Ducks" (1922)
- "Village Opera" (1922)
- from Old Tales Retold (1935)
- Mending Heaven (1935)
- The Flight to the Moon (1926)
- Curbing the Flood (1935)
- Gathering Vetch (1935)
- Forging the Swords (1926)
- Leaving the Pass (1935)
- Opposing Aggression (1934)
- Resurrecting the Dead (1935)
Essays
Collections
- Call to Arms (Na Han) (1923)
- Wandering (Pang Huang) (1925)
- Old Tales Retold (Gu Shi Xin Bian) (1935)
- Wild Grass (Ye Cao)
- Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk, a collection of essays about his youth
- Brief History of Chinese Fiction, a substantial study of pre-modern Chinese literature
External links
- [http://www-hsc.usc.edu/~gallaher/luxun/luxun.html Tim Gallaher's Lu Xun site], with extensive information and links to texts
- http://web.bureau.tohoku.ac.jp/manabi/manabi6/mm6-3.htm
- http://mclc.osu.edu/rc/lxbib.htm
- [http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/dispatches.09.29.lu.xun.park/ "Sunday in the Park with Lu Xun"], Bruce Kennedy (CNN Interactive)
- http://www.coldbacon.com/luxun.html
- [http://www.xys.org/pages/luxun.html Lu Xun webpage (in Chinese)]
Translations
- http://www.coldbacon.com/writing/luxun-calltoarms.html
Lu Xun
Lu Xun
Lu Xun
ja:魯迅
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