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| Mursili III |
Mursili IIIMursili III, better known as Urhi-Teshub was a king of the Hittite empire (New kingdom) for 7 Years between 1272 BC–1265 BC. During his reign, the Assyrians captured Hanigalbat and this event severely weakened his legitimacy to rule over the Empire. He was eventually ousted from power by his uncle, Hattusili III and later fled to Egypt, the land of his country's enemy, after the failure of his plots to remove his uncle from the throne. Hattusili III responded to this event by demanding that Ramesses II extradite his nephew.
This letter almost precipitated a crisis in relations between Egypt and Hatti when Ramessess denied any knowledge of Mursili's whereabouts in his country and the two Empires were close to war. However, the 2 kings eventually decided to resolve the issue by making peace in Year 21 of Ramesses II. Mursili III himself disappears from history after his sojourn in Egypt.
Category:Hittite kings
Urhi-TeshubMursili III, better known as Urhi-Teshub was a king of the Hittite empire (New kingdom) for 7 Years between 1272 BC–1265 BC. During his reign, the Assyrians captured Hanigalbat and this event severely weakened his legitimacy to rule over the Empire. He was eventually ousted from power by his uncle, Hattusili III and later fled to Egypt, the land of his country's enemy, after the failure of his plots to remove his uncle from the throne. Hattusili III responded to this event by demanding that Ramesses II extradite his nephew.
This letter almost precipitated a crisis in relations between Egypt and Hatti when Ramessess denied any knowledge of Mursili's whereabouts in his country and the two Empires were close to war. However, the 2 kings eventually decided to resolve the issue by making peace in Year 21 of Ramesses II. Mursili III himself disappears from history after his sojourn in Egypt.
Category:Hittite kings
1272 BC1270s BC
Hattusili IIIHattusili III was a king of the Hittite empire (New kingdom) 1265 BC–1235 BC. He came to power after defeating his nephew, Mursili III (or Urhi-Teshub) in a civil war.
Hattusili and the Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II signed the first written peace treaty in history, establishing a long-lasting peace between the two rival empires. Ramesses married Hattusili's daughter Maathorneferure.
An archive of over 200 letters have been found from the royal palace at Hattusa which show that Hattusili exchanged with letters with numerous Near Eastern kings including Ramesses II of ancient Egypt. They are an important primary source for this period. He also wrote a long letter to the king of Ahhiyawa, which alludes to the fact that Wilusa was, in the past, a source of conflict between them.
Category:1236 BC deaths
Category:Hittite kings
Hattusili IIIHattusili III was a king of the Hittite empire (New kingdom) 1265 BC–1235 BC. He came to power after defeating his nephew, Mursili III (or Urhi-Teshub) in a civil war.
Hattusili and the Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II signed the first written peace treaty in history, establishing a long-lasting peace between the two rival empires. Ramesses married Hattusili's daughter Maathorneferure.
An archive of over 200 letters have been found from the royal palace at Hattusa which show that Hattusili exchanged with letters with numerous Near Eastern kings including Ramesses II of ancient Egypt. They are an important primary source for this period. He also wrote a long letter to the king of Ahhiyawa, which alludes to the fact that Wilusa was, in the past, a source of conflict between them.
Category:1236 BC deaths
Category:Hittite kings
Ramesses II]
Ramesses II (also known as Ramesses the Great and alternatively transcribed as Ramses and Rameses) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the nineteenth dynasty. He lived from ca. 1302 BC to 1213 BC and reigned from either 1279 BC to 1213 BC or 1290 BC to 1224 BC. He ruled for a total of 66 years and 2 months, becoming pharaoh in his early 20s. He was once said to have lived to be 99 years old, but it is more likely that he died in his ninetieth year. Ancient Greek writers (such as Herodotus) ascribed his accomplishments to the semi-mythical Sesostris. He is widely believed to have been the Pharaoh of the Exodus.
Life
Ramesses II was the third king of the 19th dynasty, and the son of Seti I and his Queen Tuya. The most memorable of Ramesses' wives was Nefertari. Others among his wives were Isisnofret and Maathorneferure, Princess of Hatti. The writer Terence Gray stated in 1923 that Ramesses II had as many as 200 sons and 200 daughters; more recent scholars, however, believe his offspring, while numerous, were far fewer, somewhere around 90. His children include Bintanath and Meritamen (princesses and their father's wives), Setnakht (Sethnakhte), the Pharaoh Merneptah (who succeeded him), and prince Khaemweset.
Khaemweset
Ramesses led several expeditions north into the lands east of the Mediterranean (the location of the modern Israel, Palestine, Lebanon and Syria). At the Battle of Kadesh in the fourth year of his reign (1286 BC), Egyptian forces under Ramesses engaged the forces of Muwatallis, king of the Hittites. Over the following years, neither power could effectively defeat the other. Consequently, in the twenty-first year of his reign (1258 BC), Ramesses concluded an agreement with Hattusilis III, which is the earliest known surviving peace treaty in world history.
Ramesses also campaigned south of the first cataract into Nubia. He constructed many impressive monuments, including the renowned archeological complex of Abu Simbel, and more statues of him exist than of any other Egyptian pharaoh: Ramesses indeed provided the artisans who lived in Deir el Medina with plenty of work.
At least as early as Eusebius of Caesarea, he was identified with the pharaoh of whom the Biblical figure Moses is popularly believed to have demanded that his people be released from slavery.
He was buried in the Valley of the Kings, in KV7, but his mummy was later moved to the mummy cache at Deir el-Bahri, where it was found in 1881 and placed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo five years later, where it is still exhibited with pride by the Egyptian people. His successor was his son Merneptah.
As with most pharaohs, Ramesses had a number of names. The two most important, his praenomen (regnal name) and nomen (birth name) are shown in Egyptian hieroglyphs above to the right. These names are transliterated as wsr-m3‘t-r‘–stp-n-r‘ r‘-ms-sw–mry-ỉ-mn, which is usually realised as something like Usermaatra-setepenra Ramessu-meryamen. They can be translated as "Powerful one of Maat and Ra, chosen of Ra, Ra bore him, beloved of Amun".
See also
- Abu Simbel
- Battle of Kadesh
- Ramesseum
- Ozymandias
Further reading
- James, T. G. H. 2000. Ramesses II. New York: Friedman/Fairfax Publishers. A large-format volume by the former Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities at the British Museum, filled with colour illustrations of buildings, art, etc. related to Ramesses II
- Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson. 1982. Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt. Monumenta Hannah Sheen Dedicata 2. Mississauga: Benben Publications. ISBN 0856682152. This is an English language treatment of the life of Ramesses II at a semi-popular level
- Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson. 1996. Ramesside Inscriptions Translated and Annotated: Translations. Volume 2: Ramesses II; Royal Inscriptions. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0631184279. Translations and (in the 1999 volume below) notes on all contemporary royal inscriptions naming the king.
- Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson. 1999. Ramesside Inscriptions Translated and Annotated: Notes and Comments. Volume 2: Ramesses II; Royal Inscriptions. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers
Fiction
The life of Ramesses II has also inspired a large number of historical novels, including the five volume series, Ramsès, by the French writer Christian Jacq. Translated editions are available for non-French readers.
External links
- [http://www.touregypt.net/19dyn03.htm TourEgypt.net site devoted to the Pharaohs, with many pages on Ramesses and his family]
- [http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/2815/ramses.html A short study of his prosperous reign] (on GeoCities; JavaScript pop-up ad)
Category:1302 BC births
Category:1224 BC deaths
Category:1213 BC deaths
Category:Pharaohs of the Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt
Category:Mummies
ja:ラムセス2世
Category:Hittite kingsCategory:Hittite Empire Jean-Jérôme Baugean
Jean-Jérôme Baugean était un peintre et graveur de la marine né à Marseille en 1764 et mort en 1830.
Les registres signalent qu'il fut baptisé le 18 juin 1764 aux Accoules.
Il fut surtout connu pour ses aquarelles et gravures marines et fut nommé graveur du Roi sous la Restauration.
Voir aussi
- John Harland, Ships and Seamanship: The Maritime Prints of J. J. Baugean, Naval Institute Press, 2001. ISBN : 1557509859
Baugean, Jean-Jerome
Baugean, Jean-Jerome
Catégorie:peintre en B
Baugean, Jean-Jerome
Baugean, Jean-Jerome
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References
- [http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictS.html "Definition"] . This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record.
The result of the debate was keep. UTSRelativity 00:56, 18 Jan 2005 (UTC)
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