战国时代

戰國，有如下兩種可能： # 中國的战国 # 日本的战国 ja:戦国時代

战国 (中国)

战国时期（前475年，一说前403年～前221年），或称战国时代，简称战国，是历史上秦统一中国前属于东周的一段历史时期。关于战国从什么时候开始史学家有不同的争议。《史记》定战国的开始于前475年（周元王元年），《资治通鉴》定战国的开始于前403年（韩赵魏三家分晋）。战国的结束是在秦统一中国（前221年），请参见秦统一中国之战。战国的名称来自于西汉刘向编的《战国策》。战国时期诸候混战，社会非常不稳定。战国初期中国境内尚有十几个国家，但小一些的很快都被吞并了。剩下来的七个大国秦、楚、韩、赵、魏、齐、燕被称为战国七雄。参考：春秋时期 战国时期，诸侯兼并土地战代替了春秋时期政治上的霸权争夺，在这个时期铁器代替了石器和青铜器，春秋时的井田制被取消，牛被用来耕地。各国之间的商业贸易得到发展。手工业的进步也很快。这些发展也使社会结构发生了变化。世袭的等级制度被瓦解，一些过去的贵族失去了他们的地位，而另一些那个时候的平民通过经商或其他的机会致富，甚至成为政治集团中举足轻重的人物。官僚制度发生了变化。为了应付这些变化，各国采取了不同的变法，秦国商鞅的变法为秦吞并其余六国创造了条件，史称商鞅变法。战国时期，出现了诸子百家，这是中国思想、学术发展的黄金时期，史称百家争鸣。墨子的墨家，韩非的法家自立一见，庄子发展了老子的道家学说，孟子为儒家在秦后的地位奠定了基础。中原边境的少数民族与中原的发展也息息相关。匈奴的威胁导致了战国长城的修建。蜀，越成为中国的一部分。战国时期的连年混战使军事理论和技术得到了很快的发展。《孙膑兵法》就是这个时候出现的。

战国时期的大事记

孙膑兵法
- 前403年 - 三家分晋
- 前386年 - 田氏代齐
- 前356年 - 商鞅变法
- 前344年 - 魏惠王称王，是七雄中第一个称王的。
- 前325年 - 秦惠文王称王
- 前316年 - 秦灭蜀
- 前307年 - 赵武灵王采纳胡服骑射
- 前293年 - 伊阙之战, 秦击败魏韩联军
- 前286年 - 齐灭宋, 宋王偃死亡
- 前260年 - 长平之战, 秦坑赵降兵四十多万人
- 前256年 - 秦灭周
- 前237年 - 嬴政执政
- 前230年 - 秦灭韩
- 前225年 - 秦灭魏
- 前222年 - 楚赵燕灭亡
- 前221年 - 秦灭齐，统一中国请参见战国历史年表

战国时期的重要人物

Carsten Peter Thiede

Dr. Carsten Peter Thiede (8 August 1952 West Berlin - 14 December 2004) was a German biblical scholar from the 20th century, best known for his textual criticism of the Dead Sea Scrolls, including the hopeful identification of the 7Q5 papyrus as a fragment of the Gospel of Mark. Thiede was an advocate for O’Callaghan’s claims that numerous portions of the Qumran scrolls from Cave 7 are actually Christian New Testament texts from pre AD 70. The adduced texts are very fragmentary and ambiguous, and mainstream scholars have not agreed. In December 1994, Thiede's redating of the Magdalen papyrus, which bears a fragment in Greek of the Gospel of Matthew, to the later 1st century on palaeographical grounds provoked much debate. In The Quest for the True Cross, Thiede argues that the Titulus Crucis was truly part of Jesus' cross written by a Jewish scribe used to writing right to left. He cites that the order of the languages match what is historically accurate and not the order shown in the Bible. Amazon's publisher review states the authors' "case appears rather thin, using scanty evidence to make definitive assertions about the True Cross".^{[http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0312294247/qid=1125288896/sr=8-1/ref=pd_bbs_1/104-2763421-0435934?v=glance&s=books&n=507846]}

English bibliography

- The Heritage of the First Christians (1994) ISBN 0745925448
- Rekindling the Word: In Search of Gospel Truth (1996) ISBN 1563381362
- Jesus: Life or Legend (2001) ISBN 0745938957
- The Dead Sea Scrolls (2001) ISBN 0745950507
- The Quest for the True Cross (2002) ISBN 0312294247
- The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Jewish Origins of Christianity (2003) ISBN 1403961433

External link

- The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Jewish Origins of Christianity, 2003, ISBN 1403961433
- [http://www.depts.drew.edu/jhc/theide.html Critical review of Thiede's Rekindling the Word: In Search of Gospel, 1995]: a collection of Thiede's articles Thiede Thiede

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战国时代

战国 (中国)

战国时期的大事记

战国时期的重要人物

相关条目

Carsten Peter Thiede

English bibliography

External link