Barabajagal (album)

Barabajagal is the seventh studio album and eighth album overall from Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It was released in the US on August 11, 1969 (Epic Records BN 26481 (stereo)), but was not released in the UK because of a continuing contractual dispute that also prevented Sunshine Superman, Mellow Yellow, and The Hurdy Gurdy Man from being released in the UK.

History

While the majority of the Barbajagal sessions took place in November of 1968, "Happiness Runs" and "Where Is She" were recorded the previous May. All of these songs except "Atlantis", "I Love My Shirt" and "To Susan on the West Coast Waiting" were shelved while Donovan's Greatest Hits was still high in the charts. "Atlantis" / "I Love My Shirt" was released as a single in November 1968 in the UK. In the US, "To Susan on the West Coast Waiting" / "Atlantis" was eventually released in March 1969. "Atlantis" ended up charting higher than its a-side. In May of 1969, Mickie Most produced at least one session with Donovan fronting the Jeff Beck Group. "Goo Goo Barabajagal (Love Is Hot)" (also "Barabajagal (Love Is Hot)" and simply "Barabajagal") and "Trudi" (originally "Bed with Me") resulted from these sessions. There were other songs recorded by Donovan and the Jeff Beck Group, but they remained unreleased until they appeared as bonus tracks on the 2005 UK reissue of the album. Rod Stewart was in the band at this time, but he does not sing lead on any of the songs that were released. "Goo Goo Barabajagal (Love Is Hot)" / "Trudi" was released as a single in June of 1969 in the UK and in August 1969 in the US. Following the pattern of Donovan's previous releases, his next album was named after the hit single of the time. The inclusion of "Atlantis" and "To Susan on the West Coast Waiting" helped make Barabajagal a strong seller in the US. The songs on this album represent all facets of Donovan's career. Several rockers adorn the album, including the title track, "Trudi", "The Love Song" and "Superlungs (My Supergirl)". "I Love My Shirt" updates the sound of Donovan's children's music, and there are several slow songs featuring breathy vocals ("Where Is She?", "To Susan on the West Coast Waiting") reminiscent of the For Little Ones portion of A Gift from a Flower to a Garden. It is during the Barabajagal sessions that Donovan's musical vision and work ethic began to diverge from that of producer Mickie Most. The two eventually stopped working together, effectively ending Donovan's chart success. "Happiness Runs" is a round sung by Donovan, Graham Nash, Michael McCartney, and Leslie Duncan and was originally released without the round as "Pebble and the Man" on Donovan in Concert. "Superlungs (My Supergirl)" was originally recorded during the Sunshine Superman sessions, but was not used for that album. That recording was released on Troubadour The Definitive Collection 1964 – 1976. Donovan re-recorded the song for Barabajagal.

Reissues

- On October 25, 1990, Epic Records reissued Barabajagal (Epic 26481) in the U.S. on CD.
- On May 16, 2005, EMI reissued Barabajagal (EMI 8735692) in the UK on CD with thirteen bonus tracks.

Track listing

All tracks by Donovan Leitch.

Original album (US)

Side 1

#"Barabajagal (Love Is Hot)" – 3:20 #"Superlungs (My Supergirl)" – 2:39 #"Where Is She?" – 2:46 #"Happiness Runs" – 3:25 #"I Love My Shirt" – 3:19 Side 2 #"The Love Song" – 3:14 #"To Susan on the West Coast Waiting" – 3:12 #"Atlantis" – 3:12 #"Trudi" – 2:23 #"Pamela Jo" – 4:24

2005 EMI version (UK)

#"Barabajagal (Love Is Hot)" – 3:20 #"Superlungs (My Supergirl)" – 2:39 #"Where Is She?" – 2:46 #"Happiness Runs" – 3:25 #"I Love My Shirt" – 3:19 #"The Love Song" – 3:14 #"To Susan on the West Coast Waiting" – 3:12 #"Atlantis" – 3:12 #"Trudi" – 2:23 #"Pamela Jo" – 4:24 Bonus Tracks #"Stromberg Twins" – 4:40 #"Snakeskin" – 2:41 #"Lauretta's Cousin Laurinda" – 4:18 #"Swan (Lord of the Reedy River)" – 3:08 #"Poor Man's Sunshine (Nativity)" – 5:19 #"New Year's Resolution (Donovan's Celtic Jam)" – 3:16 #"Runaway" – 3:03 #"Sweet Beverley" – 2:59 #"Majorie (Margarine)" – 3:17 #"Little White Flower" – 2:09 #"Good Morning Mr. Wind" – 2:08 #"Palais Girl" – 2:26 #"Lord of the Universe" – 3:12 Category:1969 albums

Album (Music)

An album is a collection of related audio tracks, released together commercially in an audio format to the public. The term "record album" originated from the fact that 78 RPM gramophone or phonograph disc records were kept together in a book resembling a photo album. Later, "album" came to refer to a single long-playing 33⅓ RPM 12-inch record of songs or music, since one disc contained as much music as an old-style album of records. The standard industry format for popular music was an album of 12 songs, originally the number related to payment of composer royalties. Now that the vinyl record is archaic, the term "album" is applied to any collection sound recording, including CD, MiniDisc, and cassette. Even a set of tracks released at the same time for distribution on an online music download site is sometimes referred to as an album. Due to the large capacity of new media, the matter of how long an album should be is open to debate. One author suggested at least eight tracks, but there are albums of fewer tracks. According to the rules of the British Charts, a recording counts as an album if either it has at least four tracks or lasts more than 20 minutes. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as EPs, an abbreviation of extended play. The term "mini-album" may also be used. Returning to the older meaning of the term, there are now albums of compact discs: collections of CDs in a single package. If such a collection is packaged in a box, it is known as a box set.

Scotland

Scotland (Alba in Gaelic) is a nation in northwest Europe and a constituent country of the United Kingdom. The name originally meant Land of the Gaels (see below). The country occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain and shares a land border to the south with England and is bounded by the North Sea on the east and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. Its capital city is Edinburgh. Despite no longer being an independent sovereign state, Scotland is still considered a country in its own right. Scotland existed as an independent Kingdom until 1 May 1707, when the Act of Union 1707 merged Scotland with the Kingdom of England to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. The flag of Scotland — the Saltire — is thought to be the oldest national flag still in use. The patron saint of Scotland is Saint Andrew, and Saint Andrew's Day is the 30 November. There are currently attempts to create an additional national holiday on this day.

Etymology

The English language name Scotland could date from at least the first half of the 10th century, when it was used in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The word Scot- was borrowed from Latin. We cannot assume Scotland was being used here to mean anything other than Land of the Gaels, just like Latin Scotia. Scottish kings adopted the title Basileus/Rex Scottorum (= High King/King of the Gaels) and Rex Scotiae (King of Gael-Land) some time in the 11th century. The earliest attribution of the latter Latin title was by the Germany-based Irish writer Marianus Scotus, recording the death of King Máel Coluim mac Cináeda as Moelcoluim Rex Scotiae, for the year 1034. In taking this title, they were likely influenced by the style Imperator Scottorum known to have been employed by Brian Bóruma in 1005. In the early 13th century, the Scotto-Norman author of de Situ Albanie protested that Scotia was a corrupt word for what should be called Albania; but by then Scotia was becoming the norm in Latin, French and English; and hence Scotia and its derivitives prevailed in all languages except the Celtic ones. The Kingdom of Scotland has traditionally been regarded as being united in 843, by Cináed mac Ailpín, King of the Picts, the man who is known to the modern English-speaker as King Kenneth I of Scotland.

History

See also the main article: History of Scotland. The written history of Scotland largely began with the arrival of the Roman Empire in Britain, when the Romans occupied what is now England and Wales, administering it as a Roman province called Britannia. To the north was territory not governed by the Romans—Caledonia, peopled by the Picts. From a classical historical viewpoint Scotland seemed a peripheral country, slow to gain advances filtering out from the Mediterranean fount of civilisation, but as knowledge of the past increases it has become apparent that some developments were earlier and more advanced than previously thought, and that the seaways were very important to Scottish history. The country's lengthy struggle with England, its more powerful neighbour to the south, was the cause of the Wars of Scottish Independence, forcing Scotland to rely on trade, cultural and often strategic ties with a number of European powers, most notably France. In these, the Scots repudiated the English king's assertions of paramountcy. They fought firstly under the leadership of Sir William Wallace and Andrew de Moray in support of John Balliol, and later under that of Robert the Bruce. Bruce, crowned as King Robert I in 1306, won a decisive victory over the English at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Battle of Bannockburn From roughly the end of the 14th century, Scotland began to show a split into two cultural areas — the mainly Scots, or English, speaking Lowlands, and the mainly Gaelic-speaking Highlands. Gaelic persisted in remote parts of the southwest, which had formed part of the rival kingdom of Galloway during the early medieval period, probably up until the late 1700s. Historically, the Lowlands were closer to the mainstream European culture, and adopted a variant of the feudal system after the Norman Conquest of England. A number of major families of Norman ancestry, such as the Bruce, Douglas, and Stewart families, provided most of the monarchs after approximately 1100. By comparison, the clan system of the Highlands formed one of the region's more distinctive features, with a number of powerful clans remaining dominant until after the Act of Union. It is worth noting that the Western Isles, along with Orkney and Shetland, were part of Norway until 1266 and 1468 respectively; the culture of these islands, in many ways, remained distinct from the rest of Scotland until the modern period. In 1603, the Scottish King James VI inherited the throne of England, and became James I of England. James moved to London, only returning to Scotland once. Although he subsequently styled himself as the King of Great Britain, this was a personal union: the two nations shared a head of state but remained separate kingdoms, with the exception of a brief period when Oliver Cromwell overthrew the monarchy and Scotland was under English military occupation. In 1707, the Scottish and English Parliaments enacted the Acts of Union, which merged the Kingdom of Scotland with the Kingdom of England, creating the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Union dissolved both the English and the Scottish Parliaments, and transferred all their powers to a new Parliament sitting in London which then became the Parliament of the United Kingdom. However, most of Scotland's institutions remained separate, notably the country's legal system and its established church; these distinctions remain to the present day. In 1801, Scotland became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, when the Kingdom of Great Britain merged with the Kingdom of Ireland. Since 1922, Scotland has been one of the four constituent nations (along with England, Northern Ireland and Wales) of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. In 1997 the people of Scotland voted to create a new devolved Scottish Parliament, subsequently established by the UK government under the Scotland Act 1998. Following the Act of Union and the subsequent Scottish Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution, Scotland became one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Its industrial decline following the Second World War was particularly acute, but in recent decades the country has enjoyed something of a cultural and economic renaissance, fuelled in part by a resurgent financial services sector, the proceeds of North Sea oil and gas, and latterly the devolved parliament.

Geography

Clan Grant Main article: Geography of Scotland. Scotland comprises the northern part of the island of Great Britain; it is bordered on the south by England. Scotland's territorial extent is generally that established by the 1237 Treaty of York between Scotland and England and the 1266 Treaty of Perth between Scotland and Norway. Exceptions include the Isle of Man, which is now a crown dependency outside the United Kingdom, Orkney and Shetland, which are Scottish rather than Norwegian, and Berwick-upon-Tweed, which was defined as subject to the laws of England by the 1746 Wales and Berwick Act. The country consists of a mainland area plus several island groups, including Shetland, Orkney, and the Hebrides, divided into the Inner Hebrides and Outer Hebrides. Three main geographical and geological areas make up the mainland: from north to south, the generally mountainous Highlands containing Ben Nevis, Britain's highest mountain, the low-lying Central Belt, and the hilly Southern Uplands. The majority of the Scottish population resides in the Central Belt, which contains three of the country's six largest cities (Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Stirling) and many large towns. Most of the remaining population lives in the North-East Lowlands, where two of the remaining three cities (Aberdeen and Dundee) are situated. The final city, Inverness, is situated where the River Ness meets the Moray Firth, on the Great Glen Fault between the North-West Highlands and the Cairngorms. Highest maximum temperature: 32.9°C (91.2°F) at Greycrook, near Newtown St. Boswells, Borders on 9 August 2003. Lowest minimum temperature: -27.2°C (-17.0°F) at Braemar, Aberdeenshire on 11 February 1895 and 10 January 1982 and at Altnaharra, Highland on 30 December 1995. [http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/location/scotland/#temperature]

Major cities

The six designated cities in descending order of population size:
- Glasgow
- Edinburgh, the capital
- Aberdeen
- Dundee
- Inverness
- Stirling Scottish towns:
- List of burghs in Scotland

Waterways

- Major Rivers:
- The Clyde, The Dee, The Don, The Forth, The Tay, The Tweed, The Spey, ...
- Firths:
- Solway, Clyde, Cromarty, Dornoch, Forth, Lorne, Moray, Tay
- Sea Lochs (fjords):
- Loch Linnhe, Loch Fyne, Loch Long, Loch Etive, Loch Sunart, Loch Nevis, Loch Hourn, Loch Broom, Loch Eil
- Freshwater Lochs (lakes) include:
- Loch Ness, Loch Lomond, Loch Morar, Loch Tay, Loch Rannoch, Loch Awe, Loch Shiel, Loch Maree, The Lake of Menteith
- Artificial & Enhanced waterways include:
- Caledonian Canal, Crinan Canal, Forth and Clyde Canal, Union Canal
- See Also Falkirk Wheel

Geology

When vulcanism actively occurred in East Lothian, 350 million years ago, the rocks which now comprise Scotland lay close to the equator, and formed part of the newly amalgamated supercontinent of Pangaea. The continental plates making up Pangaea continued to converge, and a major collision occurred with the continent of Gondwana. The northern and southern parts of the island of Great Britain became adjoined only 75 million years before the onset of vulcanism in East Lothian. Before then, Scotland lay on the margin of the Laurentian continent, which included North America and Greenland. England and Wales lay some 40° of latitude further south, adjacent to Africa and South America in the Gondwanan continent. In the Early Ordovician, approximately 475 million years ago, England and Wales, on the Avalonian plate, rifted away from Gondwana and drifted northward towards Laurentia. The Iapetus Ocean, which separated the two land masses, began to close. By the mid-Silurian, about 420 million years ago, its margins had become attached along the Iapetus Suture, which roughly follows a line running West to East from the Solway Firth to Northumberland. When the later episode of vulcanism occurred, approximately 270 million years ago, Scotland still comprised part of Pangaea, but had drifted northward. East Lothian stood at about 8°North. Consolidation of Pangaea had continued so that the nearest ocean, the Tethys seaway, lay between Eurasia and Africa. Siccar Point in Berwickshire, Scotland, is where James Hutton (the "father" of modern geology) first observed this classic unconformity and recognized the meaning of stratigraphy.

Government and politics

Government

As one of the constituent parts of the United Kingdom, Scotland is represented in the Parliament of the United Kingdom in London. The Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh has the power to govern the country on Scotland-specific matters and has a limited power to vary income tax. The United Kingdom Parliament retains responsibility for Scotland's defence, international relations and certain other areas. The Scottish Parliament is not a sovereign authority, and the UK Parliament could, in theory, overrule or even abolish it at any time. For the purposes of local government, Scotland is divided into 32 unitary authority districts. Popular folk-memory continues to divide Scotland into 33 traditional counties.

Head of state

traditional counties]] Queen Elizabeth II, head of state of the United Kingdom, is descended from King James VI, King of Scots, the first Scottish monarch to also be King of England (James I, King of England from 1603). While great controversy has simmered amongst the Scottish public over her official title since her coronation (many believe that, being the first Queen Elizabeth of Great Britain, she should use the regnal name "Elizabeth I"), the courts of Scotland have confirmed "Elizabeth II" as her official title. She has said that in the future monarchs will follow the international ordinal tradition that, where a monarch reigns in a number of non-independent territories (or independent territories that agree to share a monarch) that each have a differing number of previous monarchs of the same name, the highest ordinal used in any of the territories is the one used across all (see List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs). Monarchs between 1603 and 1707, such as James VI and I and James VII and II, reigned over separate states and hence used a dual ordinal (see Personal union). Properly, the Scottish monarch was known as King of Scots or Queen of Scots, and referred to as "your Grace", rather than "your Majesty".

Scots Law

Scotland retains its own unique legal system, based on Roman law, which combines features of both civil law and common law. The terms of union with England specified the retention of separate systems. The barristers being called advocates, and the judges of the high court for civil cases are also the judges for the high court for criminal cases. Scots Law differs from England's common law system. Formerly, there were several regional law systems in Scotland, one of which was Udal Law (also called allodail or odal law) in Shetland and Orkney. This was a direct descendant of Old Norse Law, but was abolished in 1611. Despite this, Scottish courts have acknowledged the supremacy of udal law in some property cases as recently as the 1990s. There is a movement to restore udal law[http://www.udallaw.com/] to the islands as part of a devolution of power from Edinburgh to Shetland and Orkney. The laws regarding the nobility are also different in Scotland. Lords known as "Barons" in England are known as "Lords of Parliament." Gentlemen known as "Barons" in Scotland are not members of the House of Lords, as their titles (although still legitimate) are based on the old system of feudal baronies. Various systems based on common Celtic or Brehon Laws also survived in the Highlands until the 1800s.

Politics

See main article: Politics of Scotland, also Politics of the United Kingdom Politics of the United Kingdom Historically the politics of Scotland have reflected those of the UK as a whole, although with some differences. For example, besides the main UK-wide political parties (Labour, Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats) a number of Scottish-specific parties operate. These include the Scottish National Party (SNP) which is Scotland's second largest party and forms the main opposition in Parliament to the Labour-Liberal Democrats coalition, as well as the Scottish Socialist Party (SSP) and the Scottish Green Party. These parties became more of a force in Scottish politics after the establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1998. Unlike England, which has a more of a left/right split politically, the political right in Scotland is actually amongst the smallest political groupings with the four main Parties all coming from a mix of far-left to moderate-left philosophies. The traditional political divides of left and right have also intersected with arguments over devolution, which all the UK-wide parties have supported to some degree throughout their history (although both Labour and the Conservatives have swithered a number of times between supporting and opposing it). However, now that devolution has occurred, the main argument about Scotland's constitutional status remains between those who support Scottish independence and those who oppose it. Recent trends indicate, according to the Joseph Rowntree [http://www.jrrt.org.uk/FINDINGS.pdf Reform Trust "State of the Nation Poll"] 2004, that 66% of Scots would like the Scottish Parliament to have more powers, while only 2% would like to see the powers returned to the House of Commons and Whitehall, with 21% happy with the status quo.

Language

Scotland has three distinct languages: English, Gaelic, and Scots. Almost all Scots speak Scottish Standard English. It is estimated by the General Register Office for Scotland that 30% of the population are also fluent in Scots, a West Germanic language sister to the English language. Slightly more than 1% of the population are native Gaelic speakers, a Celtic language similar to Irish. Eilean Siar is the only unitary council region of Scotland where Gaelic is spoken by a majority of the population and that fact is reflected in the use of Gaelic in its official name. Almost all Gaelic speakers also speak fluent English. By the time of James VI's accession to the English throne, the old Scottish Court and Parliament spoke and wrote in Scots, also known as Lowland Scots or Lallans (although strictly speaking Lallans is a literary dialect of the Scots language). Scots is widely believed to have developed from the Northumbrian form of Anglo-Saxon, spoken in Bernicia which, in the 6th century, conquered the Brythonic kingdom of Gododdin (modern-day Lothian) and renamed its capital, Dunedin, to Edinburgh. The influence of settlers from the Low Countries and Norway in the east coast burghs founded from the reign of David I onwards was also an important factor in the development of the language, however. Scots contains a number of loanwords from Gaelic. Equally, there is a strong movement in the Aberdeen area to have Doric, the dialect of Scots spoken around Aberdeen, recognised as a language. In addition, there is a movement to revive Norn, a dialect of Old Norse which died out in the 19th century, on Orkney and Shetland. Town names on signs in Shetland are written in both languages. The Scottish Parliament recognises both English and Gaelic as official languages of Scotland, both receiving "equal respect" although not equal validity. Gaelic received official recognition through the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005. The Scots language was also officially recognised as a "regional or minority language" under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ratified by the United Kingdom in 2001, and the Scottish Executive, has promised to provide support in their Partnership Agreement 2003. The [http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ Scottish Language Dictionaries] receive some state funding via the Scottish Arts Council.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Scotland Scotland has a civic and ethnic culture distinct from that of the rest of the British Isles. It originates from various differences, some entrenched as part of the Act of Union, others facets of nationhood not readily defined but readily identifiable.

Scottish education

The system of Education in Scotland is also separate, and has a distinctive history as the first country since Sparta in classical Greece to implement a system of general public education. The early roots were in the Education Act of 1496 which first introduced compulsory education for the eldest sons of nobles, then the principle of general public education was set with the Reformation establishment of the national Kirk which in 1561 set out a national programme for spiritual reform, including a school in every parish. In 1633 the Parliament of Scotland introduced a tax on local landowners to fund this, subsequently strengthened with the Education Act of 1696 which remained in force until 1872. The Act of Union guaranteed the rights of the Scottish universities and confirmed the position of the Kirk, maintaining Scotland's pre-eminence in public education. Education finally came under the control of the state rather than the Kirk and became compulsory for all children from the implementation of the Education Act of 1872 onwards. As a result, for over two hundred years Scotland had a higher percentage of its population educated at primary, secondary and tertiary levels than any other country in Europe. The differences in education have manifested themselves in different ways, but most noticeably in the number of Scots who went on to become leaders in their fields during the 18th and 19th centuries. The then-Deputy First Minister Jim Wallace stated in October 2004 that Scotland still produces a higher number of university and college graduates per head than anywhere else in Europe. School students in Scotland sit Standard Grade exams while students in England sit GCSE exams, and then a broad range of Higher Grade exams rather than becoming more specialised under the English A-level system. Following this, a Scottish university's honours degree takes four years of study as opposed to three in the rest of the UK. The university systems in several Commonwealth countries show marked affinities with the Scottish rather than the English system.

Banking and currency

Finance in Scotland also features unique characteristics. Although the Bank of England remains the central bank for the UK Government, three Scottish corporate banks still issue their own banknotes: (the Bank of Scotland, the Royal Bank of Scotland and the Clydesdale Bank). These notes have no status as legal tender in England, Wales or Northern Ireland; but in practice they are universally accepted throughout the UK (including in Northern Ireland, where Irish banks also issue their own banknotes), as well as in the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands). The Royal Bank of Scotland still produces a £1 note, unique amongst British banks. The full range of notes commonly accepted are £1, £5, £10, £20, £50 and £100. Bank of England currency is also accepted as legal currency in Scotland. (See British banknotes for further discussion) The only legal tender, by a strict definition, in Scotland is coinage of the Royal Mint (including gold); by statute, Bank of England notes below the value of £5 are legal tender, but none are currently circulating. No Bank of England notes in use, or any of the Scottish banknotes, are legal tender in Scotland. In practice this has little effect, as creditors are obliged to accept any "reasonable" attempt to settle a debt under Scots law. All four sets of banknotes are freely accepted in Scotland, and can be considered legal currency, though it is unusual for notes over £20 to be used in normal business. The pound Scots, which ceased being used with the Act of Union, is still sometimes invoked. Originally the same value as the pound sterling, today it is treated as being worth one-twelfth of a pound sterling, or eight and a third pence, the value it had in 1707. It only exists in a legal sense; generally in archaic laws or bequests, with values given either in pounds Scots or in merks, another archaic unit of currency. The merk, or mark, was worth around thirteen or fourteen shillings Scots — just over one English shilling. Both the Bank of Scotland and the Bank of England were founded by William Paterson of Dumfries. In addition the modern system of branch banking (in which banks maintain a nationwide system of offices rather than one or two central offices) originated in Scotland. Only strong political pressure during the 19th century prevented the resultant strong banking system from taking over banking in England. However, although Scottish banks proved unwelcome in England at the time, their business model became widely copied, firstly in England and later in the rest of the world. The Savings Bank movement was created in Scotland in 1810 by the Reverend Henry Duncan as a means of allowing his parishioners to save smaller amounts of money than the major banks would accept as deposits at that time. His model for the Ruthwell Parish Bank was adopted by well-to-do sponsors throughout the world, with most of the British savings banks eventually amalgamating to form the Trustee Savings Bank - more recently merged with the commercial bank, Lloyds Bank, to form Lloyds TSB - and the American examples becoming a Savings and Loan Association. See [http://www.savingsbanksmuseum.co.uk/] for further information.

Sport

Savings and Loan Association Scotland also has its own sporting competitions distinct from the rest of the UK, such as the Scottish Football League and the Scottish Rugby Union. This gives the country independent representation at many international sporting events such as the football World Cup and various rugby tournaments such as the Six Nations. Scotland cannot compete in the Olympic Games independently however, and Scottish athletes must compete as part of the Great Britain team if they wish to take part. Scotland does however send its own team to compete in the Commonwealth Games. Association Football is the most popular sport in the country, both played and watched. Innovations such as a passing style of play, a team working as a unit, half-time and free-kicks were introduced by Queen's Park F.C., all of which were later incorporated and remain in the modern game. Their Hampden Park home, the world's first and oldest international football stadium, holds several European attendance records including 149,415 watching a Scottish international. The Scottish Football Association is the second oldest national football association in the world, with the Scottish national football team playing and hosting the world's first ever international football match. The Scottish Cup is the world's oldest national trophy. The oldest professional football club in Scotland is Kilmarnock FC, founded in 1869. Scotland is considered the "Home of Golf", and is well known for its many courses, including the Old Course that is synonymous with the game. Established in 1754, The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews also codified the rules of golf. As well as its world famous Highland Games, where several traditional events such as the McGlashan stones are now common in world strongman events, Scotland has also given the world curling, and shinty, a stick game related to Ireland's hurling, and similar to England's field hockey. Whilst stereotypically seen as an English game, Scottish cricket has always had a large following throughout the country. Scottish cricketScottish professional rugby clubs compete in the Celtic League, along with teams from Ireland and Wales. However, the country retains a national league for amateur and semi-pro clubs. Shinty is run by the Camanachd Association and is played primarily in its Highland heartland, but also in most universities and cities. Kingussie have the distinction of appearing in the Guinness Book of Records as the most successful sporting team of all time, having won the league for twenty years in a row.

Media

Scotland has distinct media from the rest of the UK. For example, it produces many national newspapers such as Daily Record (Scotland's leading tabloid), The Herald broadsheet, based in Glasgow, and The Scotsman in Edinburgh. The Herald, formerly known as the Glasgow Herald, changed its name to promote a national rather than a regional identity, while The Scotsman, which used to be a broadsheet, recently switched to tabloid format. Sunday newspapers include the tabloid Sunday Mail (published by Daily Record parent company Trinity Mirror) and the Sunday Post, while the Sunday Herald and Scotland on Sunday have associations with The Herald and The Scotsman respectively. Regional dailies include The Courier and Advertiser in Dundee in the east, and The Press and Journal serving Aberdeen and the north. Scotland has its own BBC services which include the national radio stations, BBC Radio Scotland and Gaelic language service, BBC Radio nan Gaidheal. There are also a number of BBC and independent local radio stations throughout the country. In addition to radio, BBC Scotland also runs two national television stations. Much of the output of BBC Scotland Television, such as news and current affairs programmes, and the Glasgow-based soap opera, River City, are intended for broadcast within Scotland, whilst others, such as drama and comedy programmes, aim at audiences throughout the UK and further afield. Sports coverage also differs, reflecting the fact that the country has its own football leagues, separate from those of England. Three independent television stations (Scottish TV, Grampian TV and ITV1 Border) also broadcast in Scotland. Although they previously had independent existences, Scottish TV (serving the Central Lowlands) and Grampian (serving the Highlands and Islands) now belong to the same company (The Scottish Media Group) and resemble each other closely, apart from local news coverage. English-based ITV1 Border has had a more complex position, as it serves communities on both sides of the border with England, as well as the Isle of Man, and it now has separate news programs for each side of the border. Most of the independent television output equates to that transmitted in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, with the exception of news and current affairs, sport, cultural and Gaelic language programming.

Other facets of Scottish culture

Isle of Man Scotland retains its own distinct sense of nationhood. Academic research consistently shows that people in Scotland feel Scottish, whilst not necessarily feeling the need to see that translated into the establishment of a fully-independent Scottish nation-state. Scotland also has its own unique family of languages and dialects, helping to foster a strong sense of "Scottish-ness". See Scots language and Scottish Gaelic language. An organisation called Iomairt Cholm Cille (http://www.colmcille.net) has been set up to support Gaelic-speaking communities in both Scotland and Ireland and to promote links between them. Scotland retains its own national church, separate from that of England. See Church of Scotland and the section on "Religion" below. These factors combine together to form a strong, readily identifiable Scottish civic culture.

Religion

The Church of Scotland (sometimes referred to as The Kirk) is the national church, but it is not subject to state control nor is it "established" in the same manner as the Church of England within England. It is, however, recognised as the national church by Act of Parliament - Church of Scotland Act 1921. The Church of Scotland differs from the Church of England in several key respects, most notably in terms of not having a prescriptive liturgy and also in that it has a Presbyterian rather than Episcopalian form of church governance. Presbyterian church government was guaranteed by the Act of Union in 1707. The Scots are proud of the fact that the Scottish Reformation took place at a grassroots level, unlike the English experience, where the reformation, at least in its first thrust under Henry VIII, was a politically motivated top-down reform. The Scottish Reformation, initiated in 1560 and led by John Knox, was Calvinist, and throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the Church of Scotland maintained a strict theology and kept a tight control over the morality of the population. The Church had an overwhelming influence on the cultural development of Scotland in early modern times. Because Calvinism does not adhere to the Liturgical Year, for example, Christmas was not widely celebrated in Scotland until the mid-20th century. The intellectual nature of Calvinism contributed greatly to the predominance of Scottish thinkers in the age of Enlightenment (see Scottish Enlightenment), but the Church's distrust of the sensual is seen as the reason why Scotland contributed little to classical music and art before the 19th century. Since the mid-19th century, however, the Church of Scotland has developed into a generally tolerant and heterogenous church with an interest in ecumenism. A number of other Christian denominations exist in Scotland, foremost amongst them Roman Catholicism, which survived the reformation especially on islands like Uist and Barra despite the suppression of the 16th to late 18th centuries, and was strengthened in the 19th century by immigration from Ireland. It has now become the largest Christian denomination after the Church of Scotland, and is strongest in the West of Scotland (although roadside shrines can be seen in the South Isles of the Outer Hebrides, similar to those in Ireland). Much of Scotland (particularly the West Central Belt around Glasgow) has experienced problems caused by the religious divide between Presbyterians and Roman Catholics. Some Scots maintain that sectarianism is still deeply rooted in Scottish society. This problem has historically manifested itself in a number of ways, particularly in discrimination in employment and in football fanaticism. The problems associated with sectarianism in Scotland have diminished markedly in recent years, although some issues remain. The Scottish police have recently moved to restrict the number of Orange Order parades and the state funding of separate Roman Catholic primary and secondary schools remains a controversial issue. As well as the Church of Scotland there are various other Protestant churches, including the Scottish Episcopal Church, which forms a full part of the Anglican Communion, and the Free Church of Scotland, a Presbyterian off-shoot from the Church of Scotland adhering to a more conservative style of Calvinism. Islam is the largest non-Christian religion in Scotland, although its numbers remain small. There are also significant Jewish (though higher in past decades) and Sikh communities, especially in Glasgow (Nancy Morris is Scotland's first woman rabbi). Scotland has a high proportion of persons who regard themselves as belonging to 'no religion'. Indeed, this was the second most common response in the 2001 census.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Scotland Most Scottish industry and commerce is concentrated in a few large cities on the waterways of the central lowlands. Edinburgh, on the Firth of Forth, is a cultural centre, the capital of Scotland, and one of the top financial centres in Europe. Glasgow, one of the largest cities in the UK, lies on the River Clyde; it is Scotland's leading seaport and today is the fourth largest manufacturing centre in the UK, accounting for well over 60% of Scotland's manufactured exports, with particular strengths in shipbuilding, engineering, food and drink, printing, publishing, clothing and textiles as well as new growth sectors such as software development and biotechnology. The dominant sector of Glasgow's economy is the service sector industries such as finance and banking, public administration, education, healthcare, and tourism. Glasgow is one of Europe's top 20 financial centres and is home to many of Britain's leading businesses. Glasgow also has the UK's largest and most economically important commerce and retail district. Although heavy industry has declined, the high-technology Silicon Glen corridor has developed between Glasgow and Edinburgh. Tourism is also very important. The significance of coal, once Scotland's most important mineral resource, has declined. Oil, however, gained prominence in Scotland's economy during the 1970s, with the growth of North Sea oil extraction companies. Natural gas is also abundant in the North Sea fields. Aberdeen is the centre of the oil industry. Scotland is a net exporter of energy to the rest of the UK, with abundant electricity generation capacity. Other important industries are textile production (woollens, worsteds, silks, and linens), distilling, and fishing. Textiles, beer, and whisky, which are among Scotland's chief exports, are produced in many towns. Salmon are taken from the Tay and the Dee, and numerous coastal towns and villages are supported by fishing from the North Sea. Only about one quarter of the land is under cultivation (principally in cereals and vegetables), but sheep raising is important in the less arable mountainous regions. Because of the persistence of feudalism and the land enclosures of the 19th cent. (see History, below), the ownership of most land in Scotland is concentrated in relatively few hands (some 350 people own about half the land). In 2003, as a result, the Scottish Parliament passed a land reform act that empowered tenant farmers and communities to purchase land even if the landlord did not want to sell.

National symbols

- The Flag of Scotland dates from the 9th century making it one of the oldest flags in the world. It now forms part of the Union Flag, the national flag of the United Kingdom. However the Flag of Scotland, known as the Saltire or St Andrew's Cross can be found flying all over Scotland.
- The Royal Standard of Scotland, a banner showing the old royal arms of the Kings of Scotland is also frequently to be seen, particuarly at sporting events involving a Scottish team. Often called the lion rampant (after its chief heraldic device), it is the property of the Queen and its use by anybody else is technically illegal. The banner is flown from Holyrood Palace and Balmoral Castle when the Queen is not in residence.
- The unicorn is also used as a symbol of Scotland. The Royal Coat of Arms of Scotland, used prior to 1603 by the Kings of Scotland, incorporated a lion rampant shield supported by two unicorns. On the union of the crowns, the Arms were quartered with those of England and Ireland, and one unicorn was replaced by a lion (the supporters of England).
- The thistle, the national flower of Scotland, features in many Scottish symbols and logos, and UK currency. According to one common legend, a Danish attacker stepped on one at night, so alerting the defenders of a Scottish castle; hence it is called the "guardian thistle".
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Donovan
For the American football (soccer) player, see Landon Donovan. Landon Donovan Donovan Philips Leitch (usually known simply as Donovan) (born May 10, 1946) is a Scottish musician. Emerging from the British folk scene, Donovan shot to fame in the United Kingdom in early 1965 after a series of showcase TV performances. His success was initially restricted to the UK, but after signing with the American Epic Records label and joining forces with record producer Mickie Most, he developed an eclectic but very successful style that blended folk, jazz, pop, psychedelia and world music. Donovan quickly rose to become one of the most famous and popular British recording artists of his day, producing a string of trans-Atlantic hit albums and singles between 1966 and 1970. He also became a close friend of The Beatles and was one of the few artists to collaborate on songs with them. Donovan's commercial fortunes waned after he parted ways with Most in 1969, and although he continued to perform and record sporadically in the Seventies and Eighties he gradually fell from favor, with his gentle musical style and hippie image increasingly scorned by critics, especially after the advent of punk rock. Donovan withdrew from performing and recording several times during his long career, but underwent a strong revival of interest in the 1990s with the emergence of the rave scene in Britain. Late in the decade he recorded a successful album with noted rap producer and longtime fan Rick Rubin and released a new album, Beat Cafe, in 2004.
Early life and career
Donovan was born and grew up in Glasgow, Scotland; he contracted polio as a child but suffered no permanent injury. In 1956 the family moved to Hatfield, England. Influenced by his family's love for Scottish and English folk music, he began playing guitar at fourteen. After leaving school, Donovan and longtime friend Gypsy Dave traveled for several years around Britain, busking and playing folk songs. Donovan began writing original material in the early 1960s and by late 1964 he had settled in London and signed a management and publishing contract. He recorded a ten-track demo tape, which included the original recording of his first single, "Catch The Wind", a song that showed the unmistakable influence of Woody Guthrie and Ramblin' Jack Elliott who had also influenced Bob Dylan. Although Dylan comparisons followed him for some time, the tape also made it clear that he was already a performer of considerable skill and originality. He is a very fine acoustic guitarist and self-accompanist, a talent that is often overlooked (as it so often is with Dylan). Other significant influences in his formative years included Jesse Fuller, Derroll Adams and Mac MacLeod. In an interview with KFOK radio June 14, 2005, MacLeod stated "...the press were fond of calling Don a Dylan clone which is of course a load of rubbish as they had both influenced by the same sources: Ramblin' Jack, Jesse Fuller, Woody Guthrie and many more." While recording the demo Donovan became friends with Brian Jones of The Rolling Stones and Jones's girlfriend of the time, Linda Lawrence. She had already had a son to Jones, but when she met Donovan, her relationship with Jones was breaking up. She and Donovan subsequently became lovers and eventually married; they are still together. Linda became Donovan's muse and was to have a profound effect on his music, inspiring songs including, "Catch The Wind", "Legend Of A Girl Child Linda" and "Season Of The Witch". Donovan had a meteoric rise to stardom. His demo tape was heard by Elkan Allen, producer of the television pop show Ready, Steady, Go!, who was so impressed that he invited the unknown 18-year-old to appear on the show. Donovan made his TV debut on 6 February 1965. Unusually for pop programs of this time, he played and sang live, his guitar emblazoned with the words "This Machine Kills"—a direct reference to Woody Guthrie, whose own guitar bore the famous slogan "This Machine Kills Fascists". Donovan was so well-received that he was invited back for the next two weeks, and immediately afterwards he was signed to a recording contract with Pye Records, whose other major pop acts were The Kinks and Petula Clark. Donovan's first UK single, a new version of "Catch The Wind", was released soon after his third TV appearance; it was a hugely successful debut, shooting to #4 on the U.K. charts and selling more than 200,000 copies. On 11 April, he performed with the biggest stars of the day at the annual New Musical Express poll winners' concert at the Empire Pool in Wembley. The single was subsequently released on the small Hickory label in the USA, where it managed an impressive #30 chart placing. Donovan's early musical style and appearance led to him being perceived and promoted as a British version of Bob Dylan and this brought with it a certain degree of criticism from folk purists, who wrongly assumed him to be a simple Dylan imitator. Not surprisingly, the meeting between the two musicians in April 1965 made headlines. However, although initially wary, Dylan was impressed by the young musician, as can be seen in D.A. Pennebaker's film of Dylan's '65 UK tour, Don't Look Back (which was released in 1967). As a result, Donovan was invited to tour with Dylan and Joan Baez. Donovan's second single "Colours" was released in May, reaching #4, accompanied by his debut LP for Pye, What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid, which reached #3 in the UK album charts. Retitled Catch the Wind for the US, it reached #30 there. He made his first trip to the USA at this time, performing in New York with Pete Seeger and Reverend Gary Davis and appearing on Hullabaloo and Shindig!, as well as performing to critical and audience acclaim at the 1965 Newport Folk Festival in July. His next recording was a four-track EP, Universal Soldier, which included his classic cover of the Buffy Sainte-Marie title track, along with three other overtly anti-war tracks. This was quite a radical move for an emerging pop performer—the Vietnam War still had majority popular support in 1965 and Donovan's pioneering pacifist stance is conveniently overlooked by his critics; nor would this be his last anti-war recording. Despite its contentious subject matter, it was a significant commercial success, topping the British EP chart for eight weeks, reaching #14 on the British singles chart and #17 on the Australian singles chart. "Colours" was also released in the USA but it charted poorly, reaching #40 on the Cash Box charts but only #61 on the Billboard chart. At this stage, Donovan's American success was greater in sales than in radio airplay, since American Top 40 radio tended to avoid folk recordings, preferring more highly arranged pop records. The Catch the Wind LP set the pattern for most of his American releases, which tended to chart better in Cash Box than Billboard, reflecting the fact that Billboard's charts factored in radio airplay, whilst Cash Box did not. A single version of "Universal Soldier" was issued in the USA in late August 1965 but it repeated the mediocre chart performance of "Colours", reaching only #45 in Cash Box and #53 in Billboard. Pye released Donovan's second UK album, Fairytale, in October 1966, along with his next single, "Turquoise". These too were less successful than his previous releases, with the album only reaching #20 and the single peaking at #30. Donovan made a second US tour in November, and Hickory released the American version of Fairytale later that month but, as in the UK, it did charted much lower than the first LP, only reaching #85.
Collaboration with Mickie Most
In late 1965, Donovan split with his original managers and signed with Ashley Kozak, who was working for Brian Epstein's NEMS Enterprises. Kozak introduced Donovan to American impresario Allen Klein (who would later take over management of The Rolling Stones), and Klein in turn introduced Donovan to producer Mickie Most, who was then riding high on the success of his chart-topping productions with The Animals and Herman's Hermits. Most produced almost all of Donovan's best recordings. The tracks they cut together represent some of the finest UK pop releases of the period, and feature the cream of the London session scene, including Jack Bruce, Danny Thompson, and future Led Zeppelin members John Paul Jones and Jimmy Page. Many of the earlier Donovan-Most recordings were backed by jazz musicians, the most regular players being Danny Thompson (from Pentangle) or Spike Heatley on upright bass, Tony Carr on drums and congas, John Cameron on piano and Harold McNair on saxophone and flute. Carr's distinctive conga style and McNair's flute are an intrinsic feature of many of Donovan's recordings, and both players also toured the US with Donovan. It has been claimed that Donovan introduced Page and Jones to each other and that this essentially created Led Zeppelin. In fact, Jones and Page had already known each other for several years; they were among the top freelance pop musicians in London at that time, and they worked on literally hundreds of well-known British recordings in that period (until Page retired from session work in 1968 to join The Yardbirds). Nevertheless, Donovan himself has stated that the 'heavier' sound of his 1968 single "Hurdy Gurdy Man" had a definite influence on Page and Jones, although it is now generally accepted that the duo's work on the Jeff Beck single "Beck's Bolero" (with drummer Keith Moon) was the real genesis of the Led Zeppelin style. Contradicting an assertion in Donovan's 2005 autobiography that three of the four future Zeppelin members (Page, Jones and Bonham) played on the track "Hurdy Gurdy Man" - John Paul Jones has stated that neither Page nor Bonham played on that track. In 2005, Jones (who arranged the track and was Musical Director for the session) identified the full lineup on that session as: Donovan - Acoustic Guitar. Alan Parker - Lead (electric) Guitar. John Paul Jones - Bass Guitar. Clem Cattini - Drums. (Cattini has concurred with Jones' recollection.) By 1966, Donovan had shed the overt Dylan/Guthrie influences and become one of the first British pop musicians to adopt a 'flower power' image. More importantly, his music was developing and changing rapidly as he immersed himself in jazz, blues, eastern music and the new generation of US West Coast bands. He was now entering his most creative and original phase as a songwriter and recording artist, working in close collaboration with Mickie Most and arranger, musician and jazz fan John Cameron. The first fruit of their collaboration was the track "Sunshine Superman". One of the very first overtly psychedelic pop records, it was an innovative and eclectic blend of folk, rock, pop and jazz; the arrangement was augmented by prominent harpsichord, and set against a funky conga-driven backbeat. It also contained subtle but unmistakable references to LSD, notably the line "coulda tripped out easy, but I changed my way". Donovan's rapid rise temporarily stalled in December 1965 when Billboard broke news of the impending production deal between Klein, Most and Donovan, and then reported that Donovan was about to sign with CBS Records in the U.S.. Despite Kozak's strenuous denials, Pye Records abruptly dropped the new single from their release schedule and a lengthy contractual wrangle ensued. As a result of this dispute, Donovan's subsequent U.K. and U.S. record releases differed markedly, with most of his LP being released in different forms on either side of the Atlantic and several significant album tracks from the late Sixties were not available locally in the UK for many years. The legal dispute dragged on into early 1966, so during the hiatus Donovan holidayed in Greece, where he wrote one of his best songs, the wistful "Writer In The Sun", inspired by the rumors that his recording career was over; he also toured the USA, playing some sparsely attended gigs. Returning to London, he collaborated with The Beatles, contributing lyrics (and uncredited backing vocals) to the song "Yellow Submarine", which was recorded at Abbey Road Studios on 26 May 1966. By late 1966 the American contractual problems had been resolved and Donovan signed a $100,000 deal with the CBS subsidiary Epic Records. Donovan and Most then headed to CBS Studios in Los Angeles where they recorded the tracks for a new LP, much of which had been formulated and written over the preceding year. Although folk elements were still prominent, the album showed the increasing influence of jazz, American west coast psychedelia and folk-rock, especially The Byrds, whose records Donovan had been listening to constantly through 1965. The LP sessions were completed in May and "Sunshine Superman" was released in the USA as a single in June. It was a huge success, providing Donovan with the crucial American chart breakthrough, selling 800,000 copies in just six weeks and eventually reaching #1. The LP followed in August, preceded by advance orders of 250,000 copies, and it reached #11 on the US album charts. The U.S. version of the Sunshine Superman LP is probably the best, most consistent and most durable of Donovan's albums, it remains one of the keynote records of the psychedelic era. It boasts superb songs throughout, with restrained but imaginative chamber-style arrangements featuring an eclectic range of instruments including acoustic bass, sitar, saxophone, tablas and congas, harpsichord, strings and oboe. Highlights include the swinging "The Fat Angel", written for a Hells Angel and not "Mama" Cass Elliott of The Mamas And The Papas as is often quoted. The song is also notable for name checking cult San Francisco acid rock band Jefferson Airplane, well before they became known internationally. Other standout tracks include "Bert's Blues", (a tribute to British folk legend Bert Jansch), the stately "Guinevere" and "Legend Of A Girl Child Linda" which ran for almost seven minutes. In contrast to the pastoral tone of the rest of the album, several songs, including the title track, had a decidedly harder edge. The driving, jazzy "The Trip" (titled after the L.A. club of the same name) features sitar by American folk singer Shawn Phillips, and was loaded with references to Donovan's sojourn on the West Coast, name checking both Dylan and Baez. The third "heavy" song, destined to become one of his most enduring recordings, was a brooding, portentous number called "Season Of The Witch". Recorded with a pick-up band he had met in an L.A. club, it featured Donovan's first recorded performance on electric rhythm guitar. The song was covered by Brian Auger on his first LP in 1967, and Al Kooper and Stephen Stills recorded an 11-minute version of the song on the classic 1968 album Super Session. Donovan's version was used to great effect, years later, in the memorable closing sequence of the Gus Van Zant film To Die For, starring Nicole Kidman. Because of the contractual problems, the album was not released in the UK for another nine months, and then in an altered form—it had a different track order and omitted three important tracks, "The Fat Angel", "The Trip" and "Ferris Wheel", replacing them with "Hampstead Incident", "Young Girl Blues", "Writer In The Sun" and "Sand And Foam". On 24 October 1966 Epic released the rollicking, brass-laden single "Mellow Yellow", arranged by John Paul Jones and featuring Paul McCartney on uncredited backing vocals. Although it was rumoured at the time that the phrase "electrical banana" referred to the practice of smoking banana peels to get high, it appears that it was actually a coded reference to a vibrator—the earlier line "I'm just mad about Fourteen" leaves little room for doubt that the primary theme of the song was sexual. Nevertheless, it became Donovan's signature tune and was a huge commercial success—it reached #2 in Billboard, #3 in Cash Box and earned a gold record award for sales of more than one million copies in the U.S. During the first half of 1967 Donovan worked on an ambitious new studio project. In January he gave a major concert at the Royal Albert Hall accompanied by a ballerina, who danced during a twelve-minute performance of the song "Golden Apples". On 14 January New Musical Express reported that he was to write incidental music for a National Theatre production of As You Like It, but nothing came of the proposal, although his version of "Under the Greenwood Tree" appeared on "A Gift From A Flower To A Garden". Later that month Epic released a new LP, Mellow Yellow, which reached #14 in the album charts, and a new non-album single, "Epistle To Dippy", a Top 20 hit in the USA. Written in the form of an open letter to an old school friend, the song had a strong pacifist subtext, in spite of its florid psychedelic imagery—the real "Dippy" was at the time serving in the British Army in Malaysia. According to Brian Hogg, who wrote the liner notes for the Donovan boxed set Troubadour, Dippy heard the song, contacted Donovan and left the army as a result. On 9 February 1967 Donovan was one of the guests invited by The Beatles to join them at Abbey Road Studios for the final orchestral overdub session for the brilliant Lennon-McCartney collaboration "A Day In The Life", the grand finale to their new opus Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.
Drug bust
Donovan became the first high-profile British pop star to be arrested for possession of marijuana, which evidently occurred some time in late 1966. In Donovan's case, his drug use was evidently moderate, and seems to have been mostly restricted to pot smoking—certainly he was not indulging on the Herculean scale of friends like John Lennon, Jimi Hendrix, and Brian Jones. Attention was first drawn to his marijuana use by a 1966 TV documentary, which showed the singer and some friends sharing a joint. The subsequent bust gained a great deal of publicity and in early 1967, Donovan was the subject of an expose by the British tabloid News of the World; it was the first instalment of a controversial three-part series "Drugs & Pop Stars - Facts That Will Shock You". Although some claims were probably true, others were completely false. The most notorious instance was that of the News Of The World reporter who claimed to have spent an entire evening with Mick Jagger, who (he claimed) openly discussed his drug use and offered drugs to his companions. Only after publication was it discovered that the reporter had actually mistaken Brian Jones for Jagger (who promptly sued the paper). Among the supposed revelations were claims that Donovan and other leading pop stars including members of The Who, Cream, The Rolling Stones, and The Moody Blues regularly smoked marijuana, used other illicit drugs, and held parties where the recently banned hallucinogen LSD was used, specifically naming The Who's Pete Townshend and Cream's Ginger Baker as LSD users. It emerged later that the News Of The World's reporters were using their access to pop stars to gather information and then pass it on to the police. In the late 1990s, an article published in The Guardian revealed that it was News Of The World reporters who had tipped off the police about the party at Keith Richards' house, Redlands, which was famously raided in the early hours of 12 February 1967, just after George Harrison and his wife Pattie Boyd had left. Although Donovan's bust was nowhere near as sensational as the later arrests of Jagger and Richards, it had one especially unfortunate outcome—because of the charges, he was refused entry to the United States until late in 1967, and so was unable to give his scheduled performance at the epoch-making Monterey International Pop Festival in June of that year.
International success, 1967–69
In July Epic released the single "There Is A Mountain", which went Top Ten in the USA and was later covered by The Allman Brothers. In September he undertook a new tour of the United States. This time Donovan was backed by a small jazz group and accompanied by his father, who introduced the show. Dressed in a flowing white robe, the stage decked with feathers, flowers and incense, Donovan played to a packed house at the Philharmonic Hall in New York. His performance was rapturously received and immortalised by Lillian Roxon in her Rock Encyclopedia. A similarly ecstatic performance at the Hollywood Bowl was followed by a notable landmark: Donovan's interview with writer John Carpenter became the first ever Rolling Stone interview in the magazine's debut issue, published on November 9, 1967. Donovan's concert at the Anaheim Convention Center on 23 September was recorded and released as a live LP the following year. Later in July 1967 Epic released Donovan's fourth album, an ambitious 2-disc set entitled A Gift from a Flower to a Garden, one of the first rock music boxed sets and only the third pop-rock double-album ever released. It was split thematically into two halves. The first record, subtitled "Wear Your Love Like Heaven", was written for the people of his generation that would one day be parents; the second, subtitled "For Little Ones", was a collection of songs Donovan had written especially for the coming children. Worried that it might be a poor seller, Epic boss Clive Davis insisted that the albums be split and sold separately in the USA, but his fears were unfounded—although it took some time, the boxed set sold steadily, peaking at #19 on the US charts and achieving gold record status in the USA in early 1970. The psychedelic and mystical overtones of the work were unmistakable—the front cover featured an infrared photograph of Donovan dressed in a robe and holding flowers and peacock feathers, while the back cover photo showed him holding hands with Indian guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. But surprisingly, the liner notes included an appeal from Donovan for young people to give up the use of all drugs—a decidedly un-hip stance for a rock musician at the height of the Summer of Love. His early public disavowal of drugs was no doubt motivated in part by his drug bust, but he was and remains strongly opposed to hard drugs—a belief that was no doubt reinforced by the rapid physical and mental decline of his friend Brian Jones. In late 1967 Donovan contributed a several songs to the soundtrack of the Ken Loach film Poor Cow. The title track (Originally called "Poor Love") was released as the B-side of his next single, "Jennifer Juniper", a song inspired by Jenny Boyd, sister of George Harrison's wife Pattie Boyd. It was another Top 40 hit in the USA. Like The Beatles, Donovan's developed a strong interest in eastern mysticism, and in early 1968 he traveled to India, where he spent several weeks at the ashram of the Maharishi in Rishikesh. The visit gained worldwide media attention thanks to the presence of (for a time) all four Beatles as well as Beach Boys lead singer Mike Love, actress Mia Farrow and her sister Prudence (who inspired John Lennon to write "Dear Prudence"). According to a 1968 Paul McCartney interview with Radio Luxembourg [http://www.geocities.com/~beatleboy1/db112068.int.html] it was during this time that Donovan taught John Lennon various finger picking styles like the claw hammer (note that in the U.K Travis Picking by Merle Travis is often referred to as claw hammer) which he had learned from his St Albans buddy Mac MacLeod. Lennon went on to use the technique on songs including "Julia" and "Dear Prudence". Released in May 1968, his next single was the swirling psychedelic nugget "The Hurdy Gurdy Man". In the liner notes from EMI's reissues it reveals both who the song was for and who played on the track. The song was originally intended for Donovan's old friend and guitar mentor Mac MacLeod who had a heavy rock band called Hurdy Gurdy. After hearing MacLeod's power trio version, Donovan considered giving it to Jimi Hendrix, but when Mickie Most heard it, he convinced Donovan that the song was a sure-fire single and that he should record it himself. Donovan tried to get Hendrix to play on the recording, but he was on tour and unavailable for the session. Jimmy Page was also considered to play on the track but he was out of the country, touring with The Yardbirds. In the place of Hendrix and Page they brought in a brilliant young British guitarist, Alan Parker. It is possible Jimmy Page did play on other tracking sessions for the Hurdy Gurdy Man LP, although not on the title track. John Paul Jones played bass with Clem Cattini on drums. Both Jones and Page have stated that the idea of Led Zeppelin was formed during the "Hurdy Gurdy Man" sessions. The heavier sound of "Hurdy Gurdy Man" was a deliberate attempt by Most and Donovan to try and reach a wider audience in the United States, where the new hard rock sounds of groups like Cream and The Jimi Hendrix Experience were having a major impact. In this case Most's commercial instincts were spot-on, and the song became one of Donovan's biggest hits, going Top 5 in both the UK and the USA and Top 10 in Australia. The same month, he recorded an even rockier single, the snarling, funky, freakbeat classic "Goo Goo Barabajagal", a song which gained him an avid following on the rave scene decades later. This time he was backed by the original incarnation of The Jeff Beck Group, featuring Beck on lead guitar, Ron Wood on bass, Nicky Hopkins on piano and Micky Waller on drums. Not coincidentally, the Beck group was also under contract to Most at the time and it was Most's idea to team them with Donovan, an attempt to bring a heavier sound to Donovan's work, while also introducing a more lyrical edge to Beck's. However it was some time before these recordings saw the light of day. The two tracks cut with the Beck Group—("Barabajagal" and the single's eventual B-side "Trudi")—plus three others, "Happiness Runs", "Superlungs (My Supergirl)", and "Where Is She?", were shelved for almost a year. In July 1968, Epic released Donovan in Concert, the recording of his Anaheim concert in September 1967. Featuring a cover painting by Fleur Cowles, it is notable for its long running time, its mellow jazzy feel and its excellent sound, with Donovan again leading the pack by being one of the first major pop artists of his era to release a live LP. Among the tracks (which include only two of his big hits) is "Epistle To Derroll", a tribute to one of his formative influences, Derroll Adams, as well as lengthy versions of "Young Girl Blues" and "The Pebble And The Man", a song later reworked and retitled as "Happiness Runs". During the summer of 1968 Donovan worked on a second LP of children's songs, subsequently released as the double album H.M.S. Donovan. In September Epic released a new single, "Lalena", a subdued acoustic ballad which only managed to reach the low 30s in the US charts. The album The Hurdy Gurdy Man followed; it continued the style of the Mellow Yellow LP and reached a creditable #20 in America, in spite of the fact that it contained several earlier hits including the title track and "Jennifer Juniper". After another US tour in the autumn he again collaborated with Paul McCartney, who was producing Post Card, the debut LP by recently discovered Welsh singing sensation Mary Hopkin. Hopkin covered three Donovan songs: "Lord Of The Reedy River", "Happiness Runs", and "Voyage of the Moon". McCartney returned the favour by playing tambourine and singing backing vocals on Donovan's next single, the anthemic "Atlantis", which was released in Britain (with "I Love My Shirt" as the B-side) in late November and reached #23. At the start of 1969 the comedy film If It's Tuesday It Must Be Belgium was released, featuring music by Donovan. On January 20, Epic released the single, "To Susan On The West Coast Waiting", with "Atlantis" as the B-side. The A-side, a gentle calypso-styled song contained yet another pointed anti-war message, but still became a moderate Top 40 US hit. However when DJs in America and Australia flipped it and began playing "Atlantis" heavily, that song became a major hit, making the Top Ten in both countries in spite of its decidedly "hippy-dippy" subject matter, its lengthy spoken introduction and its four-minute-plus running time. "Atlantis" received a low-key revival in 2000 when Donovan himself performed a retooled version of the song in an episode of Futurama titled "The Deep South" (2ACV12) which first aired on 16 April of that year. In the remake, Donovan describes the Lost City of Atlanta featured in the episode. In March 1969 (too soon to include "Atlantis" on the album) Epic and Pye released Donovan's Greatest Hits, which included several songs previously only available as singles—"Epistle To Dippy", "There Is A Mountain" and "Lalena", as well as "Colours" and "Catch The Wind", which had until then been unavailable to Epic because of Donovan's contractual problems. It became the most successful album of his career—it reached #4 in the US, became a million-selling gold record and stayed on the Billboard album chart for more than a year. In July Donovan performed at the famous Rolling Stones free concert in Hyde Park, London, which was in part a memorial to his old friend, Brian Jones, who had died only days before. Also that month the long-delayed "Barabajagal" single was finally released, reaching #12 in the UK but charting less strongly in the USA. The Barabajagal album followed in August, reaching #23 in America.
The split with Most, and later career
Growing tension between Mickie Most and Donovan came to a head in late 1969 when they argued about the conduct of a recording session in Los Angeles. Most later explained that he had objected to "hangers-on" in the studio and "a lot of goings-on that I didn't like" and he gave Donovan an ultimatum—he was paying for the session, he said, and Donovan could either do it his way or take a walk. Donovan declared that he wanted to record with someone else, and their hugely successful partnership came to an abrupt end. They would not work together again until 1973's Cosmic Wheels. After the rift, Donovan disappeared, apparently to Greece, re-emerging six months later to begin work on his next LP. The eventual result, which was both titled and credited to Open Road, came out in late 1970 and was a marked departure from his earlier work. Stripping the sound back a rock trio format, he dubbed the sound "Celtic rock"; the album was moderately successful but it marked the start of a gradual decline in his popularity and commercial fortunes, and his concert appearances became increasingly rare from this time forward. The largely self-produced children's album H.M.S Donovan was released in 1971 but failed to gain a wide audience. It was followed in early 1973 by his reunion with Mickie Most, the LP Cosmic Wheels; it was to be his last major chart success, reaching the Top 40 in both America and Britain. Later in the year he released Essence To Essence, produced by Andrew Loog Oldham and a live album recorded in Japan, which featured a previously unheard version of "Hurdy Gurdy Man" that included a verse written by George Harrison. His later output included the albums 7-Tease (1974) and Slow Down World (1976). The 1978 LP Donovan reunited him for the last time with Mickie Most but fell on deaf ears at the height of the New Wave period. It was followed by Neutronica (1980), Love Is Only Feeling (1981), Lady Of The Stars (1984), and a 1990 live album featuring new performances of his classic songs. Sony's definitive 2-CD boxed set Troubadour (1992) did much to restore his reputation, and was followed by the long-overdue 1994 release of Four Donovan Originals, which saw his four classic Epic LPs released on CD in their original form for the first time in the UK. He found a seemingly unlikely ally in famed rap producer and Def Jam label owner Rick Rubin, who was in fact a longtime fan. Rubin financed and produced Donovan's critically acclaimed 1996 album Sutras. Donovan also provided songs for the 1972 movie The Pied Piper, in which he also played the title role, and for Brother Sun, Sister Moon (1973), Franco Zeffirelli's film about St Francis of Assisi. The title song from the Zeffirelli film provided Donovan with an unexpected publishing windfall in 1974 when it was covered as the B-side of the million-selling U.S. Top 5 hit "The Lord's Prayer", by Australia's singing nun, Sister Janet Mead. Donovan and Linda have two children, Astrella Celeste and Oriole Nebula, and two children by his 1960s girlfriend Enid Stulberger, who have become actors, his namesake son, Donovan Leitch, Jr., and his daughter, Ione Skye. A new album Beat Cafe has just been released on Appleseed records. It marks a return to the jazzy sound of some of his 60's recordings and features bassist Danny Thompson and drummer Jim Keltner and production by John Chelew (Blind Boys Of Alabama). In November 2003 Donovan was awarded an Honorary degree of Doctor Of Letters from the University of Hertfordshire. He was co-nominated by his old friend and mentor, Mac MacLeod. In May of 2004, Donovan played "Sunshine Superman" at the pre-wedding concert for the Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Denmark. A tribute album to Donovan, Island of Circles, was released by Nettwerk in 1991. Donovan has also released his early demo tapes Sixty Four and a rerecording of the Brother Sun, Sister Moon soundtrack on iTunes. Also a major set of his Mickie Most albums is on release from 9 May 2005.This EMI set has dozens of extra tracks including another song with the Jeff Beck Group. In 2005 his autobiography The Hurdy Gurdy Man was published. Also, Donovan DiPasquale was named after him.
Discography

Albums

- What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid [UK] / Catch the Wind [US] (1965) #30 US; #3 UK
- Fairytale (1965) #85 US; #20 UK
- Sunshine Superman [US] (1966) #11 US
- Mellow Yellow [US] (1967) #14 US
- A Gift from a Flower to a Garden (1967) #19 US; #13 UK
- Donovan in Concert [Live] (1968) #18 US
- The Hurdy Gurdy Man [US] (1968) #20 US
- Barabajagal [US] (1969) #23 US
- Open Road (1970) #16 US; #30 UK
- H.M.S. Donovan (1971)
- Cosmic Wheels (1973) #25 US; #15 UK
- Live in Japan: Spring Tour 1973 [Japan] (1973)
- Essence to Essence (1973) #174 US
- 7-Tease (1974) #135 US
- Slow Down World (1976) #174 US
- Donovan (1977)
- Neutronica [France][Germany] (1980)
- Love Is Only Feeling [Germany] (1981)
- Lady of the Stars (1984)
- Rising [UK] / The Classics Live [US] [Live] (1990)
- One Night in Time [Japan] (1993)
- Sutras (1996)
- Rising Again [Live] (2001)
- Greatest Hits Live: Vancouver 1986 (2001)
- Pied Piper (2002)
- Sixty Four (2004)
- Brother Sun, Sister Moon (2004)
- Beat Cafe (2004)
Singles and Extended Players (EPs)

- "Catch the Wind" / "Why Do You Treat Me Like You Do?" (1965) #23 US; #4 UK
- Catch the Wind [France] (1965)
- "Colours" / "To Sing for You" [UK] (1965) #4 UK
- "Colours" / "Josie" [US] (1965) #61 US
- The Universal Soldier [UK] (1965) #13 UK
- "Universal Soldier" / "Do You Hear Me Now?" [US] (1965) #53 US
- "Turquoise" / "Hey Gyp (Dig the Slowness)" [UK] (1965) #30 UK
- "I'll Try for the Sun" / "Turquoise" [US] (1966)
- "Sunshine Superman" / "The Trip" [US] (1966) #1 US; #2 UK
- "Mellow Yellow" / "Sunny South Kensington" (US) (1966) #2 US
- "Mellow Yellow" / "Preachin' Love" [UK] (1967) #8 UK
- "Epistle to Dippy" / "Preachin' Love" [US] (1967) #19 US
- "There Is a Mountain" / "Sand and Foam" (1967) #11 US; #8 UK
- "Wear Your Love Like Heaven" / "Oh Gosh" [US] (1967) #23 US
- "Jennifer Juniper" / "Poor Cow" (1968) #26 US; #5 UK
- "Jennifer Juniper (Versione Italiana)" / "Mellow Yellow" [Italy] (1968)
- "Hurdy Gurdy Man" / "Teen Angel" (1968) #5 US; #4 UK
- "Laleña" / "Aye My Love" [US] (1968) #33 US
- "Atlantis" / "I Love My Shirt" [UK] (1968) #23 UK
- "To Susan on the West Coast Waiting" / "Atlantis" [US] (1969) #7 US (by "Atlantis")
- "Goo Goo Barabajagal (Love Is Hot)" / "Bed with Me" [UK] (1969) #12 UK
- "Goo Goo Barabajagal (Love Is Hot)" / "Trudi" [US] (1969) #36 US
- "Riki Tiki Tavi" / "Roots of Oak" (1970) #55 US
- "Celia of the Seals" / "Mr. Wind" [UK] (1970)
- "Celia of the Seals" / "The Song of the Wandering Aengus" [US] (1971) #84 US
- "I Like You" / "Earth Sign Man" (1973) #66 US
- "Maria Magenta" / "The Intergalactic Laxative" (1973)
- "Sailing Homeward" / "Lazy Daze" [UK] (1973)
- "Sailing Homeward" / "Yellow Star" (1974)
- "Rock 'n' Roll with Me" / "Divine Daze of Deathless Delight" (1974)
- "Rock 'n' Roll Souljer" / "How Silly" [US] (1975)
- "Rock 'n' Roll Souljer" / "Love of My Life" [UK] (1975)
- "A Well Known Has Been" / "Dark-Eyed Blue Jean Angel" [US] (1976)
- "Dare to Be Different" / "The International Man" [US] (1977)
- "The Light" / "The International Man" [UK] (1977)
- "Dare to Be Different" / "Sing My Song" [UK] (1978)
- "Mee Mee I Love You" / "Harmony" [West Germany] (1981)
- "Lay Down Lassie" / "Love Is Only Feeling" [UK] (1981)
- "Happiness Runs" (2005)
Compilations

- The Real Donovan [US] (1966) #96 US
- Sunshine Superman [UK] (1967) #25 UK
- Universal Soldier [UK] (1967) #5 UK
- Wear Your Love Like Heaven [US] (1967) #60 US
- For Little Ones [US] (1967) #185
- Like It Is, Was, And Evermore Shall Be [US] (1968) #177 US
- What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid [Edit][UK] (1968)
- Donovan's Greatest Hits (1969) #4 US
- Fairytale [Edit][UK] (1969)
- The Best of Donovan [US] (1969) #135 US
- Touch of Donovan [West Germany] (1969)
- Donovan P. Leitch [US] (1970) #128 US
- Golden Hour of Donovan [UK] (1971)
- Colours [UK] (1972)
- The World of Donovan [US] (1972)
- Early Treasures [US] (1973)
- Hear Me Now [US] (1974)
- The Pye History of British Pop Music: Donovan [UK] (1975)
- The Pye History of British Pop Music: Donovan Vol. 2 [UK] (1976)
- The Donovan File [UK] (1977)
- Greatest Hits and More (1989)
- The EP Collection (1990)
- The Collection (1990)
- Colours (1991)
- Troubadour: The Definitive Collection 1964–1976 (1992)
- The Early Years (1993)
- Sunshine Superman - 18 Songs of Love and Freedom (1993)
- Peace and Love Songs [US] (1995)
- Sunshine Superman (1997)
- Mellow (1997)
- Love Is Hot, Truth Is Molten: Original Essential Recordings 1965–1973 [Australia] (1997)
- Cosmic Wheels (1998)
- To Try for the Sun: The Journey of Donovan (2005)
Tribute Albums

- Island of Circles: A Nettwork Compilation (1991)
- A Gift from a Garden to a Flower: A Tribute to Donovan (2002)
Filmography

Actor

- If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium (1969)
- The Pied Piper (1972)
- Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1978)
As Himself

-